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EARTH 

SCIENCES 

LIBRARY 


AMERICANA  GERMANICA 

MONOGRAPHS  DEVOTED  TO  THE  COMPARATIVE 
STUDY  OF  THE 

Literary,  Linguistic  and  Otiier  Cultural  Relations 

OF 

Germany  and  America 

EDITOR 

MARION  DEXTER  LEARNED 

University  of  Pennsylvania 


XXVI.    THE  GERMAN  ELEMENT  IN  BRAZIL 

COLONIES  AND  DIALECT 


(Se<?  List  at  the  End  of  the  Book) 


THE  GERMAN  ELEMENT  IN  BRAZIL 


COLONIES  AND  DIALECT 


Bv 


BENJAMIN  FRANKLIN  SCHAPPELLE.  Ph.D. 


3         »      3  9       9    4  9 

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J    »   »         »  >   1  , 


Atttfrtratta  (Sprtnattita 


Number  26 


Atttfriratta  @rrmanira  l^ttea 

Philadelphia 
1917 


GIFT  OF 


EARTH 
SCIENCES 
LIBRARY 


YWF 


COPYWRIGHT   1917 
BY 

Benjamin  Franklin  Schappelle. 


45E&fiRitgaY^DSP.Ii 


RESPECTFULLY  DEDICATED 

TO 

JOSEPH  G.  ROSENGARTEN,  LL.  D. 


^~k  j"^  L^Mi.  iLjrtj   fT 


ERRATA. 

P.  15,  1.  19  for  "Leopolidina"  read  "Leopoklina". 

P.  21,  1.  17  for  "estimate"  read  "estimating". 

P.  23,  note  39  for  "Consular-General"  read  "Consul-General". 

P.  27,  1.    2  for  "with  preserve"  read  "preserving". 

P.  35,  note  15  for  "Vieziichter"  read  "Viehziichter". 

P.  42,  1.  11  for  "wereden"  read  "werden". 

P.  49,  1.  18  for  ''Ibidr  read  "a'o". 

P.  56,  1.  22  for  "Bratache"  read  "Bratsche". 

P.  60,  1.     1  for  "and  appearing"  read  "and  arc  appearing". 


TABLE  OF  CONTENTS 

Page 

Lied  der  Deutschbrasilianer   7 

Preface  9 

CHAPTER  I. 
The  Colonies.    History  and  Location. 

The  First  Settlers  " 

Colonization  in  Individual  States. 

Introductory  Remarks 12 

Bahia    ^3 

Minas    Geraes    14 

Espirito  Santo   14 

Rio  de  Janeiro  14 

Sao  Paulo  16 

Parana 17 

Santa  Catharina 17 

Rio  Grande  do  Sul  I9 

The  Total  Number  of  Germans  in  Brazil  21 

CHAPTER  II. 

The  Brazilian  German  Dialect. 

Underlying  Basis  of  the  Dialect  24 

Brazilian  German  Word  Forms  26 

Surnames   3i 

Baptismal  Names   32 

Terms  of  Family  Relationship  in  Titles  34 

Examples  From  Brazilian  German  Documents. 

The  Written  Language   35 

The  Spoken  Language 40 

Introduction  to  Glossary  42 

Glossary 45 

APPENDIX. 

The  Brazilian  German  Press  58 

Almanacs   58 

Newspapers   59 

Bibliography   61 

(5) 


LIED  DER  DEUTSCHBRASILIANER. 

Rein  wie  hoch  am  Himmelsbogen 
Unsrer  Heimat  Sterne  stehn, 
Machtig,  wie  die  Meereswogen 
Gegen  unsre  Kuste  gehn, 
Soil  der  Heimat  Sang  uns  dringen 
Aus  der  treuen  Brust  hervor, 
Soil  Brasiliens  Preis  erklingen 
Aus  dem  deutschen  Mannerchor. 

Fiille  liegt  auf  deinen  Fluren, 
Gottgesegnet  Vaterland; 
Leuchtend  zeigst  du  noch  die  Spuren 
Von  des  Schopfers  Meisterhand: 
In  des  Mittags  blauen  Fernen 
Wo  die  goldne  Sonnenpracht, 
Mit  des  Himmels  schonsten  Sternen 
Schmiikt  sie  funkelnd  deine  Nacht. 

Deine  fruchtgetrankte  Erde 
Gibt  uns  Mut  zu  frischem  Tun, 
Gibt  uns  Musse,  um  am  Herde 
Sender  Sorge  auszuruhn. 
Aus  des  Bodens  SchoUe  ziehen 
Wir  des  Lebens  bestes  Mark, 
Aus  des  Bodens  Kraft  erbliihen 
Die  Geschlechter  frei  und  stark. 

Lasst  uns  schaffen  mit  der  Starke 
Dessen,  der  die  Heimat  liebt, 
Lasst  uns  beten,  dass  zum  Werke 
Gott  uns  das  Gedeihen  gibt! 
Ewig  heilig,  ewig  teuer 
Bleibest  du  dem  deutschen  Lied, 
Heimatland,  in  dem  das  Feuer 
Unsres  Herdes  gastlich  gliiht. 

O.  Meyer  in  Uhle's  Kalender  for  1916, 


PREFACE. 

The  primary  purpose  of  this  work  is  to  give  an  idea  of  the 
dialect  wliich  has  been  developed  by  the  German-speaking  element 
in  Brazil. 

As  comparatively  little  is  known  by  the  English-speaking 
public  concerning  the  history,  location  and  relative  importance  of 
the  German  element  in  Brazil  (judging  from  extant  English  pub- 
lications referring  to  the  subject),  the  main  part  of  the  work  has 
been  preceded  by  a  chapter  dealing  with  these  particular  phases. 
This  first  chapter  is  also  intended  to  prepare  the  reader  to  form  a 
reasonable  estimate  of  the  comparative  importance  and  extent  of 
the  dialect  under  discussion  in  the  main  part  of  the  work. 

In  connection  with  this  study  the  author  is  particularly  in- 
debted to  the  well-known  authority  on  German  American  cultural 
relations  and  conditions,  Professor  Marion  Dexter  Learned,  of 
the  University  of  Pennsylvania.  It  was  at  his  suggestion  and 
under  his  constant  help  and  advice  that  the  plan  was  carried  out. 

While  on  a  trip  of  investigation  in  Brazil  the  writer  was  fur- 
nished important  information  and  material  by  Friedrich  Sommer, 
Direktor  of  the  "Banco  Allemao  Transatlantico"  of  Sao  Paulo; 
Henrique  Bamberg  of  Sao  Paulo ;  Otto  Specht,  Chefe  da  Sccgdo 
de  Piiblicidade  e  Bihliotheca  of  the  "Secretaria  da  Agricultura"  of 
Sao  Paulo;  Johann  Potucek,  Austro-Hungarian  Consul  in  Curi- 
tyba;  J.  B.  Hafkemeyer,  S.  J.,  of  the  "Collegio  Anchieta,"  Porto 
Alegre;  G.  A.  Biichler  of  the  "Neue  Schule,"  Blumenau;  Cleto 
Espey,  O.  F.  M.,  of  the  "Collegio  St.  Antonio,"  Blumenau;  E. 
Bloch,  Engenhciro  Chefe  da  Estrada  de  Ferro  Santa  Catharina, 
Itajahy;  Nikolaus  Dechent,  Direktor  of  the  "Deutsche  Schule,'' 
Joinville;  Petrus  Sinzig,  O.  F.  M.,  of  the  "Convento  dos  Fran- 
ciscanos,"  Petropolis;  Edmondo  Hees,  Editor  of  the  "Nachrich- 
ten,"  Petropolis;  Pastor  Fr.  L.  Hoepfifner  of  the  "Deutsch- 
Evangelische  Gemeinde,"  Rio  de  Janeiro;  W.  Miinzenthaler, 
Kaiserlichcr  General-Konsid,  Rio  de  Janeiro ;  and  Fleinrich  Lotz, 

Kgl.  Bezirksgeologe  a.  D.,  Berlin. 

(9) 


10  Preface 

Special  thanks  arc  also  due  to  Professor  D.  B.  Shuinway,  of 
the  University  of  Pennsylvania,  for  valuable  suggestions  and 
assistance  in  the  final  arrangement  of  the  manuscript. 

The  above-mentioned  persons  are  in  no  wise  responsible  for 
any  errors  which  may  appear  in  the  text. 


CHAPTER  I. 


THE  COLONIES.    HISTORY  AND  LOCATION. 


The  First  Settlers. 

The  first  reference  to  German  settlers  in  Brazil  we  have 
from  the  pen  of  Hans  Stade  of  Homberg  in  Hessen.  Stade  made 
two  trips  to  Brazil;  one  in  1547  and  one  in  1549.  In  the  latter 
instance  he  was  shipwrecked  but  succeeded  in  landing  safely  near 
the  present  port  of  Santos  in  the  state  of  Sao  Paulo.  As  he  was 
a  skilled  artillerist  the  Portuguese  made  him  commander  of  the 
fort  Bertioga,  the  ruins  of  which  are  an  interesting  landmark  to 
this  day.  Later  Stade  spent  several  most  trying  years  as  the 
captive  of  a  cannibalistic  tribe. 

After  his  return  to  Germany,  Stade  published  an  account 
of  his  experiences.  The  first  edition  entitled  "JVahrJiafftige  His- 
toria  iinnd  beschreibung  einer  landschafft  der  IVilden,  Nacketen, 
Grimmigen,  Menschfresser  Leuthen  in  der  Newen  Welt  America 
gelegen  .  .  ."  appeared  at  Marburg  in  1557-^  In  this  work 
Stade  refers  to  two  of  his  fellow-countrymen  located  in  Brazil ; 
the  one  Heliodorus  Eoban  of  Hessen,  who  had  charge  of  a  sugar- 
refinery  on  the  island  of  Sao  Vicente  (near  Santos) ;  the  other 
Peter  Rosel,  who  was  located  in  Rio  de  Janeiro  as  the  representa- 
tive for  a  business  firm  of  Antdorff.^ 

Next  we  come  to  Manuel  Beckmann,  the  son  of  a  German 
who  had  located  in  Lisbon.  He  is  known  in  history  as  Manoel 
Bequimao  and  was  the  leader  in  the  Maranhao  revolution  of 
1684.  This  uprising,  altho  it  came  to  grief,  may  be  regarded  as 
the  first  of  a  long  series  of  protests  against  the  home  government 
resulting  in  the  declaration  of  the  independence  of  Brazil  on  the 
field  at  Ypiranga,  September  2d,  1822.     Beckmann  died  a  mar- 


'  V.  Tootal,  p.  XCV. 

'  V.  Kliipfel,  pp.  121  and  162. 


(II) 


12  The  German  Element  in  Brazil 

tvr's  death  at  Rio  on  November  2,  1685.  His  younger  brother, 
Thomas  Beckmann.  who  had  also  taken  part  in  the  revolution, 
was  acquitted.^ 

In  the  1 8th  century  there  was  another  important  German 
figure  in  Brazilian  history;  that  of  Lieutcnant-General  Johann 
Ileinrich  von  Bohni.  It  was  von  Bohm  who,  at  the  head  of  Por- 
tuguese troops,  recaptured  the  city  of  Rio  Grande  in  Rio  Grande 
d(>  Sul  from  the  Spaniards  in  1777."'  Von  Bohm  was  assisted  by 
two  other  German  officers,  i.  e.,  the  Count  of  Lippe  and  Marschal 
Funk.  These  three  characters  were  in  a  sense  the  forerunners  of 
the  German  battalions  brought  into  Brazil  by  the  First  Empire 
in  the  early  part  of  the  following  century. 

The  first  colonization  of  importance  by  Germans  in  Brazil 
did  not  take  place  until  the  early  part  of  the  19th  century. 
Beginning  with  that  century  there  was  a  steady  stream  of  non- 
Portuguese  settlers  into  the  country,  and  of  these  the  Germans 
formed  an  important  part. 

Colonization  in  Individual  States. 
Introductory  Remarks. 

The  following  is  a  resume  of  the  German  colonies  ■''*  in  Brazil 
and  a  brief  introduction  to  their  history. 

For  the  sake  of  convenience,  the  colonies  have  been  di- 
vided : 

First ;  according  to  the  states  in  which  they  are  located. 

Second ;  according  to  the  date  of  founding. 

Third;  according  to  the  kind  of  colony  administratively  at 
the  time  of  founding.  As  to  this  they  fall  under  three  cate- 
gories : 

a)  Private  colonies,  i.  c.,  founded  by  a  private  individual  or 
corporation. 


'  C/.  Sommer:  "Manoel  Beckmann."  German  American  Annals.  New 
Series.  Vol.  14,  Nos.  5  and  6,  1916,  pp.  189-196.  Also  Pereira  da  Silva: 
Quadras    .     .     ..  p.  in. 

*  V.  Ludwig,  p.  27. 

'  It  is  emphasized  that  only  colonies  (state,  provincial,  or  private)  in 
which  the  German  element  forms  an  important  part  of  the  population  are 
noted. 


The  Gemian  Elcinent  in  Brasil  1 3 

b)  Provincial  colonies,  i.  e.,  founded  by  a  particular  state 
or  former  province. 

c)  State  colonies,  i.  e.,  founded  by  the  central  government, 
whether  during  the  time  of  the  Empire  ^'  or  since  the  formation 
of  the  Republic. 

The  word  German  as  applied  to  colonists  refers  only  to 
natives  of  Germany  who  became  naturalized  citizens  of  Brazil 
and  to  Brazilians  of  German  extraction. 

Colonies  located  within  the  confines  of  other  German  colo- 
nies {c.  g.,  Hansa,  Sao  Bento  etc.)  are  not  listed. 

Direct  immigration  signifies  immigration  from  Europe. 

Indirect  immigration  signifies  immigration  from  a  South 
American  country  bordering  on  Brazil ;  immigration  from  an- 
other Brazilian  state ;  or  from  another  colony  within  the  same 
state. 

Numerical  statistics  concerning  individual  colonies  have 
been  avoided  except  in  a  few  cases  where  they  are  of  sufficient 
comparative  importance  to  be  noted  in  a  work  of  this  scope. 

All  the  colonies  coming  in  consideration  (excepting  some  of 
those  founded  since  1890)  have  been  "emancipated,"  /.  e.,  they 
no  longer  receive  special  aid  from  the  government  and  their 
special  colonial  directorates  have  been  abolished. 

The  states  of  Brazil  which  are  important  so  far  as  German 
colonization  is  concerned  are  Bahia,  Minas  Geraes,  Espirito 
Santo,  Rio  dc  Janeiro  (Federal  District),  Sao  Paulo,  Parana, 
Santa  Catharina  and  Rio  Grande  do  Sul.'  .  This  is  the  geo- 
graphical order  from  north  to  south  and  the  one  according  to 
which  they  will  be  taken  up. 

BAHIA. 
In  this  state  is  located  the  first  German  colony  founded  in 
Brazil.     It  is  Leopoldina,  started  as  a  private  undertaking  by 
Busch,  Reycke  and  Freireiss  in  1818.' 


8 


°  These  are  commonly  designated  as  "Imperial  Colonies." 
^  A   comparatively    very   small    number   of    Germans   are   located   in   the 
northern  and  western  states  of   Brazil.     They  primarily  follow  business  or 
professional  careers  and  can  hardly  be  classed  as  settlers.    Consequently  they 
do  not  come  in  considertion  in  this  work. 

"C/.  Sellin.  Das  Kaiserreich  Brasilien,  Vol.  II.  p.  80. 


14  The  German  Element  in  Brazil 

Frankenthal,  another  private  colony,  was  founded  in  1822 
by  Peter  Weyll  and  Saueracker.^ 

Of  all  the  states  mentioned,  Bahia  is  the  least  important  so 
far  as  German  colonization  is  concerned.  This  is  largely  due  to 
the  fact  that  its  climate  is  too  tropical  to  favor  such  colonization 
on  an  extended  scale. 

MINAS  GERAES. 

The  private  colony  Theophilo  Ottoni,^^  in  the  north-eastern 
part  of  the  state  was  founded  by  a  German  stock-company  in 
1851. 

Recent  state  colonies  where  Germans  form  a  considerable 
part  of  the  population  are  Nova  Baden,  Francisco  Salles,  Ita- 
juba,  Joao  Pinheiro,  Constanga,  Vargem  Grande,  and 
Rodrigo  Sylva.^^ 

Germans  form  a  considerable  part  of  the  population  of  the 
capital  of  the  state  (Bello  Horizonte)  and  of  the  important  city 
of  Juiz  da  Fora. 

ESPIRITO  SANTO. 

The  state  colony  Santa  Izabel  was  founded  in  1847.  The 
first  settlers  were  composed  chiefly  of  Rhenish  Prussians. 

Santa  Leopoldina,  another  state  colony,  was  founded  in 
1857.  A  suggestion  as  to  the  origin  of  the  first  settlers  is  offered 
by  the  names  of  the  different  districts  into  which  the  colony  was 
first  divided;  viz.;  Schweiz,  Sachsen,  Pommern,  Rheinland,  Tirol 
and  Holland. 

The  two  above-mentioned  are  the  most  northern  of  the  im^ 
portant  German  colonies  in  Brazil  to-day. 

RIO  DE  JANEIRO  (Federal  District). 

Nova  Friburgo,  the  oldest  state  colony  in  Brazil,  was 
founded  in  18 19.     The  first  settlers  were  Swiss,  but  since  Ger- 


•  Ibid. 

"  Formerly  called  "Philadelphia." 

"  Cf.  Report  of   Pedro  Rache,  Inspector  do  Serviio  de  Povoamento,  in 
Relatorio. 


The  German  Element  in  Bradl  1 5 

mans  immediately  followed  them  and  formed  the  larger  part  of 
the  subsequent  influx,  Nova  Friburgo  is  properly  classed  as  a 

German  colony. 

Petropolis  was  made  a  state  colony  in  1845.  In  reality  it 
had  its  origin  as  a  German  colony  in  1838.  The  first  settlers  were 
German  emigrants  originally  bound  not  for  Brazil  but  for  Syd- 
ney, Australia.  On  account  of  the  bad  treatment  they  received 
on  the  French  sailing  vessel  "Justine,"  they  revolted  and  com- 
pelled the  captain  to  land  them  at  Rio  de  Janeiro  on  December 
2d  1837.  Here  the  Brazilian  Imperial  Government  assisted 
them  and  at  the  suggestion  of  Major  Julius  Friedrich  Koehler  '' 
gave  them  employment  on  the  construction  of  the  Serra  road 
between  Estrella,  located  a  short  distance  above  Rio,  and  Para- 
hyba  do  Sul,  located  near  the  border  between  the  Federal  District 
and  Minas  Geraes.  They  formed  their  settlement  at  what  later 
became  Petropolis.  On  account  of  the  satisfaction  which  the 
government  found  in  these  immigrants  it  turned  the  settlement 
into  a  state  colony  in  1845,  as  above  mentioned. 

As  in  the  case  of  Santa  Leopolidina,  the  origin  of  indi- 
vidual groups  of  colonists  to  Petropolis  is  indicated  by  the  names 
of  some  of  the  sections  into  which  the  colony  was  divided,  vi^., 
Bingen,  Ingelheim,  Moselthal,  Nassau,  Westphalen,  Unteres- 
Rheinthal,  Mittleres-Rheinthal,  Simmern,  Castellaunerthal,  Un- 
tere  Pfalz,  Obere  Pfalz,  Oberes  Rheinthal,  Wostadterthal, 
Schweizertiial,  Wormserthal.  Darmstadterthal,  etc. 

Since  1850  there  has  been  but  little  German  immigration  into 
the  Petropolis  colony.  On  the  other  hand,  this  particular  colony 
has  been  a  rich  source  for  indirect  German  immigration  into  the 

more  southern  states.  .      ,     t       •      .u  ,     ( 

Among  the  recent  state  colonies  of  Rio  de  Janeiro  that  of 
Visconde  de  Maua  is  largely  populated  by  Germans.^^ 


>«  Koehler  was  born  in  Mainz  in  i8ia  At  the  age  o^  f^e'enteT/the 
--Jl^eit  ^eTvi^rand  l^s'^^^^frJ^^^n.^lr  in  the  engineer- 
governmcui  a  Petropohs  m  1847- 

'"'.«:;«■  of  te  inspector  Antonio  Ribeiro  de  Castro  Sobrinho  in 


Relatorio. 


1 6  The  German  Element  in  Brazil 

SAO  PAULO. 

The  oldest  German  settlements  in  the  state  are  the  provincial 
colonies  founded  in  1827.  On  November  13th  of  that  year  the 
first  levy  of  settlers,  all  South  Germans,  landed  at  Santos. 
These  were  apportioned  into  two  colonies;  one  located  at  Santo 
Aviaro  and  the  other  between  Penha  and  Nossa  Senhora  dos 
Garulhos. 

The  provincial  colony  of  Quilombo,  located  between  Itape- 
cerica  and  Contia,  was  founded  in  1828.^'^ 

In  1847  the  private  colonies  of  Ybicaba  and  Angelica 
were  founded  by  the  Senador  Vergueiro.  They  were  put  on  the 
basis  of  mciagCw,^^  the  later  abuse  of  which,  by  others  than  Ver- 
gueiro, paved  the  way  for  the  famous  Heydt  rescript  ^^  of  No- 
vember 3d,  1859. 

In  the  following  more  recently  established  provincial  colo- 
nies the  population  is  largely  made  up  of  German  settlers :  Cam- 
pos Salles,  founded  in  1897;  Jorge  Tibiriga,  founded  in  1905; 
Nova  Europa,  founded  in  1907;  and  Bandeirantes,  founded  in 
1908.  In  addition  to  these,  the  provincial  colonies  of  Mongao 
and  Pariquera  ASSU  also  contain  important  quotas  of  Germans. 

In  the  state  of  Sao  Paulo  the  Germans  form  to-day  an  urban 
rather  than  a  rural  population.  They  are  very  strongly  repre- 
sented in  Sao  Paulo  (the  capital),  Campinas  and  Santos.  The 
following  towns  and  their  vicinities  are  also  important  centers 
of  German  population:  Riberao  Pires,  Sao  Bernardo,  Rocinha, 
Vallinhos,  Helvetia,  Nova  Friburgo,  Salto  de  Ytu,  Sorocaba, 
Botucatu,  Riberao  Preto,  Sao  Joao  da  Boa  Vista,  Villa  Ameri- 
cana, Pires,  Araras,  Leme,  Rio  Claro,  Sao  Carlos  do  Pinhal, 
Santa  Rita  do  Passo  Quatro,  Santa  Cruz  das  Palmeiras.  Brotas, 
Dous  Corregos,  Jahu,  Villa  Raffard,  Piracicaba.  and  Jacarehy.^^ 


'*  V.  Marcondes  de  Souza :  O  Estado  dc  Sao  Paulo;  p.  IQS-  Cf.  state- 
ment by  Ernst  Heinke  in  Jahrbuch,  Erstes    .    .    .,  p.  250. 

"/.  e.,  lease  of  a  section  of  land  for  the  return  of  one-half  of  the  yearly 
products. 

"A  Prussian  ministerial  decree  (also  adopted  by  other  German  states) 
forbidding  the  emigration  of  German  citizens  to  Brazil.  In  1896  it  was  revoked 
for  the  three  most  southern  states  of  Brazil,  ('.  c.  Rio  Grande  do  Sul.  Santa 
Catharina  and  Parana. 

"C/.  statements  by  C.  F.  Scheler  in  Jahrbuch,  Erstes    .    .    .,  p.  17.S  ff- 


The  German  Element  in  Brazil  17 

Excepting  the  older  colonies  first  mentioned,  the  German  ele- 
ment in  Sao  Paulo  is  largely  made  up  as  the  result  of  indirect 
immigration ;  in  the  early  years  from  the  Petropolis  district,  and 
later  from  the  more  southern  states  and  from  Argentine. 

PARANA. 

The  state  colony  of  Rio  NegTO  was  founded  in  1829,^^ 
while  this  section  of  Brazil  was  still  within  the  limits  of  Sao 
Paulo. ^^  Shortly  after  its  founding  the  colony  was  increased  by 
the  location  of  members  of  the  mustered-out  German  legion  of  the 
Imperial  army.^°  Subsequently  many  settlers  from  the  Sao 
Bento  district  in  Santa  Catharina  moved  over  to  this  colony. 

The  following  provincial  colonies  are  settled  largely  by 
Germans  or  German-speaking  Austrians :  Jesuino  Marcondes, 
Ivahy,  Iraty,  all  founded  in  1907;  Itapara  and  Tayo,  both 
founded  in  1908;  and  Vera  Guarany,  founded  in  1909. ^^ 

By  far  the  most  important  center  for  Germans  in  the  state 
is  the  capital,  Curityba.  There  are  some  12,000  German-speaking 
residents  in  this  city.  In  addition,  a  large  number  are  located  in 
the  important  cities  of  Lapa,  Ponta  Grossa,  Porto  da  Uniao  and 
Castro. ^^ 

A  large  part  of  the  German  element  in  Parana  is  due  to  in- 
direct immigration  from  Santa  Catharina. 

SANTA  CATHARINA. 

Sao  Pedro  de  Alcantara,  a  state  colony,  was  founded  in 
i828.-''    Its  first  settlers  came  mainly  from  the  Rhine  district. 

Itajahy  -^  and  Santa  Izabel,  two  other  state  colonies  were 
founded  in  1835  and  1846  respectively. 

"  In  1828  according  to  Grossi,  p.  168. 

"  Parana  was  separated  from  Sao  Paulo  in  1853. 

="  r.  Sellin,  Das  Kaiscrreich  Brasilicn,  Vol.  II,  p.  iii. 

*^  Cf.  report  of  the  inspector  Manoel  F.  Ferreira  Correia  in  Relatorio. 

"  Information  furnished  by  Johann  Potucek,  Austro-Hungarian  Consul 
in  Curityba. 

"This  is  commonly  referred  to  as  the  iirst  colony  in  Santa  Catharma. 
However,  Grossi  (p.  168)  refers  to  a  Colonia  Alemda  0  Conselheiro  Pedreira 
(state  colony)  founded  in  1B27. 

="Lacmann  (p.  8)  states  that  Gross  Itajahy  was  founded  in  1829. 


1 8  The  German  Element  in  Brazil 

Blumenau,  a  private  colony  (originally),  Avas  founded  in 
1850  by  Dr.  Hermann  Blumenau. ^^  The  first  settlers  were 
mainly  natives  of  Pomerania  and  Mecklenburg.  Blumenau  is 
the  most  widely  known  (largely  because  of  its  German  name) 
and  one  of  the  most  important  German  colonies  in  Brazil  to-day. 
According  to  Carvalho  "Blumenau  constitue  dans  TAmerique  du 
Sud  le  type  Ic  plus  parfait  de  la  colonisation  europeenne."^°  The 
area  of  the  "municipio"^^  covers  10,725  square  kilometers  and  is 
populated  by  about  60,000  inhabitants,  the  great  majority  of 
whom  are  of  German  descent. ^^  The  "Stadtplatz"''-*  is  composed 
mainly  of  one  street  5^  kilometers  in  length  (including  Altona) 
and  is  most  beautifully  situated  on  the  right  bank  of  the  river 
Itajahy-Assu.  It  contains  about  3,000  inhabitants,  nearly  all  of 
whom  are  Germans. 

Dona  Francisca  was  founded  in  185 1  as  a  private  colony 
by  the  "Hamburger  Kolonisationsverein  von  1849."  It  comprises 
the  territory  given  as  a  marriage  dot  by  Dom  Pedro  II.  to  his 
sister,  Dona  Francisca,  at  the  time  of  her  marriage  to  the  Prince 
of  Joinville  of  the  French  House  of  Orleans.  The  "Stadtplatz" 
of  the  colony  was  named  Joinville  in  honor  of  the  prince. 

Dona  Francisca  was  founded  under  favorable  circum- 
stances at  a  time  when  many  Germans,  including  members  of  the 
"upper  classes"  were  leaving  the  Fatherland  on  account  of  the 
general  political  discontent  during  the  latter  part  of  the  forties 
of  the  past  century.  This  fact  is  reflected  in  the  German  lan- 
guage as  spoken  in  Joinville  to-day.  It  is  perhaps  more  free 
from  dialect  than  in  any  other  German  colony  in  Brazil.     The 


"  Born  1819  at  Hasselfelde  in  Braunschweig.  Specialized  in  pharmacy. 
In  1849  came  to  Brazil  and  laid  out  plans  for  a  colony.  From  1850  to  1880  he 
was  primarily  occupied  in  directing  the  colony  which  bears  his  name.  This 
colony  was  emancipated  in  1880,  but  Dr.  Blumenau  remained  on  the  scene  of 
his  former  activities  until  1884,  when  he  returned  to  Germany.    Died  1898. 

"  V.  Le  Bresil  Meridional,  p.  309. 

"  The  term  "municipio"  denotes  a  city  or  town  together  with  the  sur- 
rounding districts  coming  under  the  same  jurisdiction;  frequently  (as  used  in 
this  work)  an  emancipated  colony. 

"According  to  census  of  1907  and  calculations  to  date  (September,  1916) 
in  the  archives  at  Blumenau. 

"  The  term  "Stadtplatz"  as  used  by  the  colonists  designates  the  seat  or 
governmental  center  of  a  particular  colony.    Portuguese  "sede." 


The  German  Element  in  Braml  19 

general  cultural  status  of  the  inhabitants  of  Germanic  origin  is 
relatively  high. 

The  entire  colony  (municipio)  of  Dona  Francisca  contains 
more  than  30,000  inhabitants;  the  "Stadtplatz"  about  6,000.  In 
both,  the  inhabitants  of  Germanic  origin  form  the  great  majority. 

The  colony  of  Brusque  3"  was  founded  in  i860.  Its  early 
colonists  were  composed  largely  of  former  inhabitants  of  the 
Rheinland,  Westphalia,  Oldenburg  and  Baden.  Next  to  Blu- 
menau  and  Dona  Francisca,  Brusque  is  to-day  the  most  important 
German  colony  in  Santa  Catharina. 

In  the  territory  not  included  in  the  "municipios"  mentioned 
above,  the  larger  part  of  the  inhabitants  of  the  following  centers 
are  of  German  descent:  Angelina  and  Santa  Thereza,  both 
founded  in  1853;  Therezopolis,  founded  in  i860;  Palho^a, 
Brago  do  Norte  and  Pedras  Grandes. 

Important  numbers  of  Germans  are  located  along  the  fol- 
lowing rivers  of  Santa  Catharina:  Rio  Itajahy  do  Sul;  Rio  das 
Tijucas;  Rio  Bra(;o  do  Norte;  and  Rio  Capivary.^^ 

In  point  of  numbers,  Santa  Catharina  is  next  to  the  most 
important  state  in  Brazil  so  far  as  German  colonization  is  con- 
cerned. 

RIO  GRANDE  DO  SUL. 

Sao  Leopoldo,  a  state  colony,  was  founded  in  1824.  The 
first  settlers  came  from  the  Hunsriick  section.  To-day  its  popu- 
lation is  estimated  at  more  than  50,000,  mostly  of  German 
descent, ^^  We  may  designate  Sao  Leopoldo  as  the  center  of  the 
"Deutschbrasilianerthum"  of  Rio  Grande  do  Sul. 

The  state  colonies  of  Tres  Forquilhas  and  Sao  Pedro  de 
Alcantara  das  Torres  were  founded  in  1826.  The  former  was 
settled  by  German  Protestants,  the  latter  by  German  Catholics. 

Santa  Cruz,  a  state  colony,  was  founded  in  1849.  Its  first 
settlers  were  mainly  from  Pomerania  and  the  Rheinland. 


'"  So  named  in  honor  of  the  president  of  the  state  at  the  time,  Dr.  Araujo 
Brusque. 

"  Information  furnished  by  E.  Bloch,  Engcnheiro  Chefe  da  Estrada  de 
Ferro  Santa  Catharina. 

"  Grossi,  p.  162, 


20  Tlic  German  Element  in  Brazil 

Next  in  order  there  followed  an  important  period  of  private 
colonization.  As  a  result  of  this  we  have  Rincao  d'El  Rei, 
founded  in  1850  by  Dr.  Israel  R.  Barcellos;  Mundo  Novo, 
founded  in  1850  by  Tristao  Jose  Monteiro;  Conventos, 
founded  in  1853  by  Baptista  F.  Pereira  e  Cie. ;  Estrella, 
founded  in  1856  by  Santos  Pinto;  Mariante,  founded  in  1856; 
and  Marata  founded  in  1856  by  Andreas  Kochenborger  and 
Pedro  Schreiner. 

In  the  year  1857  two  provincial  colonies  were  founded,  i.  e., 
Santo  Angelo  and  Nova  Petropolis. 

The  year  1858  marked  the  second  period  of  private  coloniza- 
tion. In  that  year  Sao  Lourengo  was  founded  by  Jakob  Rhein- 
gantz.  The  first  settlers  of  this  colony  were  Pomeranians  and 
natives  of  the  Rheinland.  In  the  same  year  Teutonia  was 
founded  by  a  group  of  capitalists  of  Porto  Alegre.^^ 

The  last  period  of  strictly  provincial  colonization  is  marked 
by  the  founding  of  Monte  Alverne  in  1859  and  of  Sao  Feliciano 

in  1867. 

In  the  most  recent  period  a  number  of  colonies  supported  by 
both  the  state  and  central  governments  have  been  founded.  Of 
these  the  following  have  been  settled  largely  by  Germans; 
Guarany,  founded  in  1891 ;  Ijuhy,^*  founded  in  1891 ;  and  Ere- 
chim,  founded  in  1909.^^  In  addition,  Dr.  Hermann  IMeyer's 
private  colonies  of  Xingu  and  Neu  Wurttemberg  were  founded 
in  this  period;  the  former  in  1897  and  the  latter  in  1899. 

The  German  element  is  very  strongly  represented  in  the  im- 
portant cities  of  Porto  Alegre  and  Pelotas  as  well  as  in  the  "muni- 
cipios"  of  Sao  Joao  de  Montenegro,  Sao  Sebastiao  do  Cahy  (now 
includes  Nova  Petropolis),  Venancio  Ayres,  Lageado,  Taquara, 
Cruz  Alta  and  Palmeiro. 


""  Cj.  Ludwig,  p.  84. 

"A  particularly  strong  current  of   German  settlers  has  in  recent  years 
been  moving  into  Ijuhy,  mostly  by  indirect  immigration. 

"  Cj.  report  of  the  inspector  C.  Lila  da  Silveira  in  Relatorio. 


The  German  Element  in  Brazil  2i 

Rio  Grande  do  Sul  has  a  much  larger  population  of  German 
descent  than  any  other  state  in  Brazil.     The  main  reason  why  so 
.many  Germans  settled  in  this  state  we  may  attribute  to  the  clim- 
atic conditions  which  are  here  more  favorable  to  Germanic  peoples 
than  in  any  other  section  of  the  country. 

An  Estimate  as  to  the  Total  Number  of  Germans  in 

Brazil. 

It  is  impossible  to  make  an  exact  statement  as  to  the  total 
number  of  Germans  in  the  coimtry.  The  reasons  for  this  are  not 
far  to  seek.  The  fact  that  an  accurate  census  for  Brazil  does  not 
exist  is  not  surprising  when  we  consider  the  enormous  expanse 
of  territory.^*'  The  greater  part  of  this  is  but  sparsely  settled  and 
largely  covered  with  primeval  forests.  Official  statistics,  where 
they  do  exist  are  apt  to  have  been  carelessly  compiled  and  often 
are  entirely  untrustworthy.  "Paciencia,"  has  been  the  watchword 
here  as  well  as  throughout  all  other  walks  of  life  in  Brazil. 

If  we  restrict  ourselves  to  estimate,  among  the  total  of 
Brazilian  citizens,  those  of  any  particular  European  origin,  the 
difficulty  increases.  Here  the  census  reports  offer  practically  no 
help  because  all  persons  are  listed  simply  as  Brazilians,  no  refer- 
ence being  made  as  to  their  origin. 

The  primary  sources  in  making  up  the  estimates  are  fur- 
nished by  the  immigration  reports  as  they  are  found  in  the 
"Ministerio  da  Agricultura"  in  Rio  and  the  "Secretaria  da 
Agricultura"  of  several  individual  states.  Even  here  the  statis- 
tics are  inadequate  for  our  purpose.  As  a  rule  only  such 
colonists  as  came  in  third  class  on  ships  from  Europe  are  listed. ^^ 
In  addition,  it  is  impossible  to  determine  how  many  colonists  came 


■'°  About  equal  to  that  of  the  United  States  without  the  colonies  and 
Alaska,  but  with  the  state  of  Texas  doubled. 

"  The  study  of  emigration  reports  in  European  archives  does  not  help  us 
much  because  hv  no  means  did  all  persons  listed  as  emigrants  for  Brazil 
finally  arrive  in  the  latter  country. 


22  The  German  Element  in  Brazil 

by  land  (indirect  immigration)  from  adjoining  South  American 
countries  such  as  Uruguay,  Paraguay  or  Argentine. 

The  secondary  sources,  and  the  ones  which  in  this  instance 
are  most  vakiable,  are  embodied  in  the  estimates  of  former  colo- 
nial directors  and  other  officials,  as  well  as  private  persons  having 
first  hand  knowledge  concerning  the  different  European  elements 
in  Brazil. 

The  official  data  offered  by  the  Bureau  of  Statistics  of  the 
"Ministerio  da  Agricultura"  in  Rio  concerning  immigration 
directly  from  Europe  begins  with  the  year  1820.  That  concern- 
ing immigration  from  Germany  in  particular  begins  with  1827. 
Official  figures  are  available  as  to  the  number  of  immigrants 
from  Germany  from  that  date  to  the  present  excepting  the  years 
1830-1836  inclusive,  1838,  1839,  1843,  1844,  1846,  1848  and 
1849.    The  total  is  128,233  up  to  the  end  of  the  year  1915.^^ 

In  order  to  determine  the  approximate  numerical  value  of 
the  German  element  in  the  population  of  Brazil,  many  estimates 
worthy  of  consideration  have  been  compared.  The  estimates 
which  in  the  opinion  of  the  writer  have  the  strongest  claim  to 
accuracy,  are  listed  below.  As  will  be  seen,  those  determined 
upon  by  Friedrich  Sommer,  Direktor  of  the  "Banco  Allemao 
Transatlantico"  of  Sao  Paulo  are  largely  followed.  This  author- 
ity has  for  years  been  making  a  careful  study  of  the  subject  and 
consequently  his  conclusions  bear  particular  weight. 


^  In  order  to  enable  the  reader  to  put  a  correct  valuation  on  the  popular 
bugaboo,  the  "perigo  allemao"  (German  peril),  the  following  facts  are  noted 
by  way  of  comparison  : 

According  to  the  statistics  above  referred  to,  the  German  immigrants 
occupy  fourth  place  in  point  of  numbers  for  the  period  1820-1915,  inclusive. 
They  are  superseded  by : 

a)  Italians.    First  mentioned  in  the  records  1836. 

Total  to  1862  209 

Total  to  and  including  1915  1,348,777 

b)  Portuguese.    First  noted  in  1837. 

Total  to  and  including  1915  977,524 

c)  Spaniards.    First  noted  1841. 

Total  to  1868  274 

Total  to  and  including  1915  470,107 


The  German  Element  in  Brazil  23 

Taking  up  the  states  in  the  order  as  previously,  we  have : 

Bahia.     No  reliable  estimates  except  as  contained  below 
in  "Northern  and  Central  States." 

Minas  Geraes 5,ooo.  Sommer. 

Espirito  Santo 25,000.  Ludwig.^^ 

Rio  (Fed.  Dist.)   18,000.  Sommer. 

Sao  Paulo 32,000.  Ibid. 

Parana    35,ooo.  Ibid. 

Santa  Catharina 100,000.  Miiller  von 

Konigswinter 

Rio  Grande  do  Sul 250,000.  Ibid. 

Northern  and  Central  States 

(including  Bahia)   10,000.  Sommer. 

Total 475,000. 

Making  a  fairly  liberal  allowance  for  underestimates,  we 
may  regard  the  number  500,000  as  representing  the  total  num- 
ber of  citizens  of  German  descent  in  Brazil  to-day.^'^ 

'"  Dr.  Ernst  Wagemann,  of  the  Kolonialinstitut,  Hamburg,  recently  esti- 
mated the  German  population  of  Espirito  Santo  at  20,000-30,000,  according  to 
statements  by  W.  Miinzenthaler,  German  Consular-General  in  Rio. 

"  The  above  estimates  refer  to  conditions  at  the  end  of  1915.  The  esti- 
mate for  the  total  population  of  the  country  for  that  year  was  23,000,000. 


CHAPTER  II. 


THE  BRAZILIAN  GERMAN  DIALECT. 


The  Underlying  Basis  and  Reasons  for  the  Formation  of 

THE  Dialect. 

As  may  be  inferred  from  chapter  I,  the  German  immigra- 
tion into  Brazil  antedating  the  nineteenth  century  was  quite  in- 
significant. Beginning  with  the  early  years  of  that  century,  how- 
ever, there  was  a  steady  current  of  new  settlers  from  the 
German-speaking  sections  of  Europe  into  the  southern  part  ot 
the  country.  The  people  who  made  up  this  current  settled,  par- 
ticularly during  the  early  years,  in  small,  widely  separated 
colonial  nuclei  where  they  found  themselves  more  or  less  thor- 
oughly cut  ofif  from  the  outside  world  and  its  influences.  It  is 
not  surprising,  therefore,  to  find  that  these  people  have  devel- 
oped a  new  dialect  which  we  may  call  "Brazilian  German." 

The  Germanic  settlers  from  Europe  who  had  come  to  Brazil 
found  themselves  located  in  surroundings  radically  different  from 
the  ones  to  which  they  had  been  accustomed  in  the  land  of  their 
nativity.  Physically  they  had  to  adapt  themselves  to  a  new 
climate.  From  the  moment  of  their  arrival  on  the  parcel  of  land 
allotted  to  them  they  were  in  contact  with  many  objects  for 
which  their  mother  tongue  offered  no  designation.  The  animals, 
plants,  insects  and  even  the  agricultural  implements  in  the  new 
home  land  had,  to  a  large  extent,  names  for  which  the  German 
language  offered  no  equivalent.  As  a  result,  many  non-germanic 
words  had  to  be  immediately  adopted. 

In  reference  to  the  older  colonies,  the  German-speaking  im- 
migrants from  any  particular  section  of  Germany,  Switzerland  or 
Austria  would  more  or  less  settle  in  a  particular  section  of 
Brazil.     Thus  we  have  Petropolis  in  Rio  de  Janeiro  settled  by 

(24) 


The  German  Element  in  Brazil  25 

former  inhabitants  of  the  Coblenz  district  and  Blumenau  in 
Santa  Catharina  settled  largely  by  Pomeranians.  In  a  general 
way  it  may  be  stated  that  the  older  colonies  were  in  this  respect 
relatively  homogenious,  while  those  founded  since  the  middle  of 
the  past  century  drew  their  settlers  to  a  larger  extent  from  dif- 
ferent German-speaking  sections  of  Europe. 

The  settlers,  largely  drawn  from  the  agricultural  class, 
naturally  brought  with  them  from  Europe  a  variety  of  German 
dialects.  These  were  more  or  less  preserved  depending  on  the 
relative  isolation  of  the  colonies.  In  cases  where  a  considerable 
and  constant  influx  of  settlers  either  by  direct  or  indirect  immi- 
gration was  kept  up  after  the  first  years  of  the  history  of  any 
particular  colony  the  original  dialect  largely  gave  way  to  a  modi- 
fied form  of  High  German,  due  primarily  to  the  normalizing  in- 
fluence of  the  German  school  and  church.  Such  is  the  case  in  the 
"Stadtplatze"^  of  Dona  Francisca,  Blumenau,  Santa  Cruz  and 
Sao  Lourengo. 

The  preceding  statements  are  intended  to  present,  as  it  were, 
the  background  or  basis  on  which  the  new  dialect  was  developed. 
We  now  come  to  the  most  potent  influence  in  the  formation  of 
that  dialect.  It  is  the  Brazilian  Portuguese,  a  language  which 
has  no  connection  with  the  Germanic  group.  In  this  point,  there- 
fore, our  case  differs  radically  from  that  of  the  student  of  the 
German  dialects  which  have  been  developed  in  North  x\merica. 

The  degree  of  linguistic  influence  exerted  by  the  Brazilian 
Portuguese  on  the  High  German  or  its  various  dialects  as  spoken 
by  the  immigrants  varies  again  according  to  the  relative  isolation 
of  the  settlements.  We  have  degrees  ranging  from  that  of  the 
old  settlements  in  the  Santo  Amaro  district  of  Sao  Paulo,^  where 
the  German  language  has  practically  in  its  entirety  given  way  to 
the  Brazilian  Portuguese,  to  that  of  some  of  the  sections  of  the 
"municipios"^  of  Blumenau  in  Santa  Catharina  and  Sao  Leo- 
poldo  in  Rio  Grande  do  Sul  where  a  modified  German  has  not 


'  V.  note  29,  p.  18. 

'/.  e.,  Pedreiras,  Parelheiros,  M'Boy,  Colonia  Velha  and  Itapecerica. 

'  V.  note  27,  p.  18. 


26  The  German  Element  in  Brazil 

only  held  its  own  among  the  inhabitants  of  German  extraction, 
but  has  also  become  the  language  of  parts  of  the  Luso-Brazilian  '' 
and  negro  elements  as  well/"'  About  half  way  between  these  two 
extremes  we  might  range  the  case  of  Petropolis  in  Rio  de  Janeiro. 

Brazilian  German  Word  Forms. 

The  following  general  principles  are  observed  in  connection 
with  the  dialect  which  has  been  developed  by  the  German  element 
in  Brazil. 

Nouns  form  by  far  the  greatest  number  of  words  taken 
over,  followed  next  in  order  by  verbs,  exclamatory  words  and 
phrases,  adjectives  and  adverbs.  The  last  two  appear  relatively 
rarely. 

Observations  on  Words  from  the  Brazilian  Portuguese. 

I.  Nouns. 
A.  Masculines. 

i)  In  the  case  of  masculines  the  vowel  ending  is  as  a  rule 
dropped,  e.  g., 

Brazilian  Brazilian 

Portuguese.  German.  English. 

abatimento abatiment    discount. 

campo   camp   field,*plain. 

facao   fac hunting-knife. 

intendente   intendent administrator. 

pasto  past   pasture. 


*/.  e.,  Brazilian  of  Portuguese  extraction. 

'  In  den  Schneizen  [of  Santa  Cruz  and  Sao  Lourengo]  sprechen  sogar  die 
dort  aufgewachsenen  Neger  Hunsriicker  Dialekt.  .  .  .  Ein  Musterreiter 
bcreiste  einst  ...  die  Rio  Grandenser  Kolonieen.  Als  er  an  einen 
Kreuzweg  kam,  sah  cr  zwei  Schwarze  am  Wege  im  Felde  hocken.  Er  fragte 
sie  auf  Portugiesisch  um  den  richtigcn  Weg.  "Wat  seggt  de  Kirl?"  fragt  ein 
Scluvarzer  den  andern.  "Ah,  ihr  sprecht  deutsch?"  .  .  .  "Ja,"  war  die 
Antwort,  "mir  sein  deitsche  Neger." 

E.  Niemeyer  in  "Deutsche  Siedler  und  Siedlungen  im  Urwald."  Uhle's 
Kalender  for  1912,  p.  76. 


The  German  Element  in  Brazil  27 

2)  The  same  holds  for  words  of  the  following  type  where 
there  have  been  further  orthographical  changes  with  preserve, 
however,  the  same  phonetic  values. 

B  razilian  B  rasilian 

Portuguese.  German.  English. 

macaco    makak   monkey. 

trapiche trapisch   warehouse  (on  the 

wharf). 

3)  Internal  phonetic  changes  have  taken  place  in  such 
words  as : 

Brazilian  Brazilian 

Portuguese.  German.  English. 

kaschero kaschor    shop-man,  clerk  (in  a 

store), 
municipio munizip district. 

B.  Feminines. 

In  feminines  the  final  vowel  '-a'  is  as  a  rule  weakened  to 
'e;  e.  g., 

Brazilian  Brazilian 

Portuguese.  German.  English. 

capoeira capoeire copse. 

carreta carrete cart. 

garaffa    garaffe bottle. 

lancha    lanche barere. 

larancha laranche orange. 

mula mule mule. 

persianna persianne Venetian-blind. 

picada picade    lane  (through  a 

forest). 

pimenta pimentc   pepper. 

pipa   pipe   barrel,  tun. 

roga ,rosse clearing  (of  a  forest). 

sanga sange ditch. 

tolda tolde cover,  hood  (of  a 

wagon). 

traga trace track,  design. 

venda vende inn,  store. 


28  TJic  German  Element  in  Brand 

C.  Change  of  gender  in  nouns. 

I  )   Masculine  to  feminine,  e.  g., 

Brazilian  Brazilian 

Portuguese.  German.  English. 

barranco  m barranke  / slope. 

cabresto  in cabreste  / halter. 

cachimbo  m kaschimbe  / tobacco-pipe. 

camarote  m camarote  / box  (in  a  theater). 

cangalho  w cangalhe  / packsaddle. 

charuto  in charute  / cigar. 

f arelo  m f arelle  / bran. 

hiate  m jatte  / yacht. 

portreiro  m portreere  / pasture-ground. 

rio  VI rio  /.  (rarely  in.) .  stream,  river. 

2)   Feminine  to  masculine,  e.  g., 

Brazilian  Brazilian 

Portuguese.  German.  English. 

cachaga  / cachass  m gin,  brandy  (of 

sugar-cane), 
troca  / troc  in change  (of  money). 

3  J   Masculine  to  neuter,  e.  g., 

Brazilian  Brazilian 

Portuguese.  German.  English. 

doce   in doss  n candy,  confectionery. 

fosforo  in fosforo  n match. 

tatu  m tatu  n armadillo. 

xarque  in xarque  n jerked  beef. 

4)   Feminine  to  neuter,  e.  g., 

Brazilian  Brazilian 

Portuguese.  German.  English. 

canoa  / kanoe  n monoxylon,  dugout. 

f arinha  / f arin  n flour. 

From  the  above  examples  it  will  be  observed  that  the  gender 
of  the  Brazilian  German  noun  is,  where  there  has  been  a  change 


The  German  Element  in  Brazil  2<) 

from  that  of  the  original  Brazilian  Portuguese,  as  a  rule,  the 
same  as  that  of  the  High  German  word  replaced,  e.  g., 

Brazilian  German.         High  German. 

barranke  / Boschung  /. 

cachass  m Schnaps  m. 

camarote  / Theaterloge  /. 

charute  / Zigarre  /. 

doss  n Konfekt  n. 

farelle  / Kleie  /. 

farin  n Mehl  n. 

fosforo  n Streichholz  n. 

kaschimbe  / Tabakspfeife  /. 

portreere  / Weide  /. 

troc  m VVechsel  m. 

D.  Nouns  of  mixed  origin  are  quite  frequent,  e.  g., 

Brazilian  German.  English. 

aboboramus   stewed  (and  mashed)  pumpkin. 

korbgarrafao   demijohn. 

miljekolben    cob  (of  corn). 

mesclahosen trousers  (striped). 

ochsencarrete ox-cart. 

palhazigarrette cigarette  (with  cornhusk 

wrapper). 

polizeidelegado    inspector  of  police. 

puschochse draught-ox. 

rocewirtschaft   agriculture,  farming. 

sellofiskal revenue  agent. 

vendaschuld drinking-score,  debt  for  drink. 

II.  Verbs. 

Brazilian  German  verbs  are  commonly  formed  by  adding  a 
weak  ending,  '-en'  or  '-ieren,'  to  the  Portuguese  stem,  e.  g., 

Portuguese.  Brazilian  German.       English. 

amolar amolieren to  grind,  sharpen. 

capinar    capinen    to  weed. 


30  The  Gcniiau  Element  in  Brazil 

Portuguese.             Brazilian  German.       English. 
cobrar   cobrieren tt)  cash,  take  in 

(money). 

lagar    lassen to  throw  the  lasso. 

puxar puschen,  pusscn.  .to  pull. 

rcpousar    posen to  rest. 

rcquerer rekerieren    to  request. 

ro<;ar   rossieren   to  clear  of  weeds. 

sellar   sellieren to  stamp. 

tocar    tocken   to  beat,  strike. 

trocar trocken    to  change  (money 

etc. ) . 

In  pronunciation  the  Brazilian  German  differs  still  more 
from  the  Portuguese  than  the  printed  forms  would  indicate. 
The  main  additional  differences  in  this  case  are  the  following: 

I )  The  noun  ending  '-ao'  has  the  value  of  '-ong'  instead  of 
the  Portuguese  sound  represented  by  '-do.'  Thus,  by  phonetic 
spelling  we  would  have,  e.  g., 


Brazilian  German. 

Portuguese. 

algodong 

for 

algodao. 

capong 

capao. 

garrafong 

garrafao. 

patakong 

patacao. 

questong 

questao. 

sertong 

sertao. 

violong 

violao. 

2)   The  ';'  instead  of  remaining  sonant  as 

becomes  surd.^    Thus 

Brazilian  German. 

Portuguese. 

feschong 

for 

feijao. 

schakare 

11 

jacare. 

Schwong 

<< 

Joao. 

"  This  rule  holds  for  the  Portuguese,  but  not  for  the  German  'j,'  as  e.  g., 
where  the  latter  replaces  the  'li  in  jaltc  (from  hiaic),  the  'i'  or  '31'  in  aija 
(from  cuia,  cuya)  or  the  'Ih'  in  cangalje  (from  cancjalho).  In  such  cases  the 
'/'  has  the  phonetic  value  of  the  English  'y.' 


The  German  Element  in  Brazil  31 

3)  In  the  case  of  infinitives  the  final  '-«'  is  not  sounded, 
particularly  in  sections  influenced  by  the  Hunsriick  dialect.  These 
forms  are  therefore  pronounced,  e.  g., 

Brazilian  German.  Portuguese. 

amoliere       for  amolieren. 

kapine  "  kapinen. 

pusche  "  puschen. 

tocke  "  tocken. 

Surnames. 

As  a  general  rule  German  family  names  are  retained  in  their 
original  form  in  all  sections  where  the  German  language  held  its 
own  among  the  colonists.  This  is  especially  true  where  such 
names  offer  no  difficulty  in  their  pronunciation  to  people  having 
Portuguese  as  their  mother  tongue.  On  the  other  hand,  where 
such  names  could  not  be  readily  pronounced  by  Luso-Brazilians,^ 
they  underwent  changes  to  greater  or  less  extent  even  in  com- 
munities where  the  German  element  is  most  strongly  represented. 
Where  the  German  language  disappeared  the  German  family 
name  as  a  rule  disappeared  with  it,  or  was  retained  in  such  a 
form  as  to  be  hardly  recognizable. 

By  way  of  example  a  number  of  modifications  in  surnames 
are  noted  below ;  first,  from  a  section  where  the  German  lan- 
guage has  almost  entirely  given  way  to  Portuguese,^  and  second, 
from  one  of  the  strongest  German-speaking  sections  of  Brazil.'-^ 

I) 

Emmich  became  M'.  The  Portuguese  could  not  pronounce 
the  "-ich"  and  consequently  it  dropped  off, 
resulting  in  the  formation  of  what  is  prob- 
ably one  of  the  shortest  family  names  in 
existence.  ^° 


'  See  note  4,  p.  19. 

^  The  outlying  districts  of  Santo  Amaro  in  Sao  Paulo.   V.  note  2,  p.  19. 

°  Joinville  in  Dona  Francisca,  state  of  Santa  Catharina. 

'*For  a  further  example  of  a  short  proper  name  compare  the  one  com- 
monly applied  to  the  small  town  "O' "  (contraction  of  "Nossa  Senhora 
do  O'"),  located  a  short  distance  to  the  northwest  of  Sao  Paulo. 


32  The  Gcniian  Eloncni  in  Brazil 

Felippoffsky  became  Felippe,  Franz,  or  Frango.  In  this 
instance  one  branch  of  the  family  adopted 
the  first  part  of  the  original  family  name 
and  other  branches  made  surnames  out  of 
the  Christian  name  of  the  first  immigrant, 
I.  e.,  Franz  Felippoffsky. 

Glaser  became  Frittenmaku.  The  first  immigrant  was 
Fritz  Glaser.  One  of  his  characteristics 
was  lameness.  The  new  family  name  is 
equivalent  in  meaning  to  "der  lahme  Fritz." 

Gottfried  became  Gottcsfried,  Gottesfrid  or  Gottesfritz. 

Helfenstein  became  Hclfcstein. 

Hessel  became  Essel. 

Klein  became  Cleene.  In  this  instance  a  German  dialect 
variant  of  the  original  became  the  new  fam- 
ily name. 

Reinberg  became  Remherg. 

Rochenbach  became  Rocumhak  or  Rociimhaque. 

Roschcl  became  Rocha. 

Toll  became  Doll  or  Doro. 

Weisshaupt  became  Sapateiro.  In  this  instance  the  first 
Weisshaupt  was  a  shoemaker.  The  trade 
name  translated  into  Portuguese  became 
the  family  name. 

Ziillich  became  Sills. 


2) 


Wachter  became  Walter. 
Werner  became  Vierne. 


From  the  above  examples  it  will  be  noticed  that  the  new- 
family  names  show,  as  a  general  rule,  an  adaptation  of  the 
original  to  Portuguese  pronunciation. 

Baptismal  Names. 

So  far  as  baptismal  names  are  concerned,  the  case  is  quite 
different  from  that  applying  to  surnames.  While  the  latter  have 
been  modified  to  a  great  extent  only  where  the  German  language 


The  German  Element  in  Brazil  33 

gave  way  to  the  Portuguese  almost  entirely,  as  stated,  the  former 
have  been  replaced  by  their  Portuguese  counterparts,  as  a  rule,  in 
all  parts  of  Brazil. ^^  Probably  the  chief  reason  for  this  is  senti- 
ment, or,  to  use  what  is  in  this  case  perhaps  a  more  accurate 
term,  patriotism.  The  Portuguese  Christian  name  in  the  country 
in  question  distinguishes  the  individual  as  a  Brazilian,  not  as  a 
German.  The  people  under  discussion  regard  themselves  first  of 
all  as  Brazilians.^-  While,  according  to  their  idea  the  retention 
and  cultivation  of  their  "Deutschthum"  makes  them  better  and 
more  valuable  Brazilian  citizens,  they  carefully  differentiate  be- 
tween "Deutschthum"  and  (to  use  their  own  expression) 
"Deutschlanderthum. " 

The  following  are  examples  of  Portuguese  baptismal  names 
which  are  commonly  substituted  for  their  German  counterparts 
by  Brazilian  Germans. 

Portuguese  form.  German  form. 

Adolfo  for  Adolf. 

Alberto  "  Albert. 

Augusto  "  August. 

Bernardo  "  Bernard. 

Carlos  "  Karl. 

Edmundo  "  Ednumd. 

Eduardo  "  Eduard. 

Emilio  "  Emil. 

Ernesto  "  Ernst. 

Estevao  "  Stephan. 

Ewaldo  "  Ewald. 

Francisco  "  Franz. 


"  This  commonly  applies  to  naturalized  as  well  as  to  native-born  German 
Brazilians. 

^^  Political  propaganda  literature  intended  to  lead  the  unwary  to  draw 
different  conclusions  has  been  copiously  spread  before  the  public  during  the 
last  decade.  Whatever  the  ideas  on  the  subject  may  be  in  foreign  countries, 
the  German  Brazilians  themselves  are  the  only  ones  who  can  speak  on  it  with 
authority.  Strange  to  say,  they  never  seem  to  be  consulted  or  studied  at  first 
hand  by  those  who  speak  most  loudly  about  the  "German  peril"  in  Brazil. 
Porto  Alegre,  Blumenau,  Joinville  and  Curityba  can  furnish  more  accurate 
information  on  this  particular  subject  than  Berlin,  Paris,  London  and  New 
York. 


.^4 


TJic  Ccrnuui  Rlnncnt  in  Brazil 


Portuguese  form. 

Gi 

crman  form. 

Freclerico 

for 

Friedrich. 

Germano 

Hermann. 

Giiilhermo 

Wilhelm. 

Gustavo 

Gustav. 

Henrique 

Pleinrich. 

Ignacio 

Ignaz. 

Joao 

Johann, 

Jorge 

Georg. 

Jose 

Joseph. 

Julio 

Julius. 

Leopoldo 

Leopold. 

Luiz 

Ludwig. 

Maxiniiliano 

Maximilian 

Paulo 

Paul. 

Pedro 

Peter. 

Ricardo 

Richard. 

Roberto 

Robert. 

Rodolfo   ( Rudolf o) 

Rudolf. 

Theodoro 

Theodor. 

Terms  of  Family  Relationship  in  Titles. 

For  the  terms  of  family  relationship  in  titles  (business,  etc.) 
the  Portuguese  forms  are  commonly  used  where  the  German 
forms  would  naturally  be  expected  (/.  c,  in  exclusively  Brazilian 
German  publications,  etc.).  Among  the  forms  most  frecjuently 
used  in  this  manner  (in  full  or  abbreviated  form,  singular  or 
plural)  are  the  following :^^ 

Portuguese  form..     German  form. 


Filho 

tor 

Sohn. 

Irm.ao 

(t 

Bruder, 

Sobrinho 

>( 

Neffe. 

Viuva 

i( 

Witwe. 

"  Several  specific  examples  will  be  noted  in  the  specimens  from  advertise- 
ments in  almanacs  and  newspapers,  pp.  36-39. 


The  Gcrtnan  Element  in  Bra::il  35 

Examples  of  Brazilian  German  From  Documents. 

The  Written  Language. 
The  following  is  an  excerpt  made  from  a  short  story  en- 
titled "Unrecht  schliigt  seinen  eigenen  Herrn."^^ 

Der  reiche  Estancieiro  ^"^  Joao  Rodrigues  sass  eines  Ta- 
ges  unter  der  grossen  schattigen  Figueira/''  welche  das 
Wahrzeichen  der  Estancia  ^"  Sao  Manoel  bildete.  Er  be- 
rechnete  eben,  wie  viel  Schlachtvieh  er  dieses  Jahr  ver- 
kaufen  konnte,  und  fand,  dass  es  mindestens  700  Stuck 
seien.  Das  gab  ein  schones  Haufchen  Geld ;  denn  die  Vieh- 
preise  waren  dieses  Jahr  hoch.  Unter  6o$ooo  ^^  sollte  ihm 
kein  Stiick  aus  der  Invernada  ^^  fort ;  das  machte  rund  42 
Contos  ^"  aus, 

"Compadre,-^  ich  habe  einen  Auftrag,  fiir  eine 
benachbarte  Charqueada  --  rund  1000  Stiick  Schlachtvieh 
aufzukaufen.     .    .    ." 

.  .  .  Damit  war  der  Handel  abgeschlossen,  und  die 
beiden  Conpadres  verabschiedeten  sich,  jeder  zufrieden; 
Der  Estancieiro,  weil  er  ein  gutes  Geschaft  gemacht  hattc, 
und  der  Tropeiro,"^  weil  er  morgen  ein  noch  besseres  zu  ma- 
chen  hoffte ! 

Des  anderen  Tages  stellte  sich  unser  Estancieiro  bei 
guter  Zeit  im  Geschiiftshause  ein  und  fand  daselbst  seinen 
Compadre  Bento  schon  in  angeheiteter  Stimmung  in  der 
Venda  ^^  sitzen. 

.  .  .  *'Noch  fiir  einen  Augenblick,"  stotterte  da  wie- 
der  der  betrunkene  Tropeiro.     "Unter  uns  beiden  braucht's 


"  By  P.  Th.  Amstadt,  S.  J.    The  story  appears  in  the  Familienfreund  for 
1917,  P-  39  ff- 
'^  Vicsiichter. 
"  Feigenbaum. 
"  Landgut, 
"  Read  60  Milreis. 
^^  Winter quatier. 
"^  Conto  =  1000  milreis. 
"  Freund. 
"'  Schldchterei. 
^  Viehhdndler. 
'*  Schcnke. 


36  The  Gcnuan  lilciiioil  in  Brazil 

zwar  keiiie  Quittiing,  ich  habe  dein  Vieh  und  du  hast  mein 
Geld ;  damit  ist  unsere  Sache  erledigt.  Aber  bei  den  Hcrren 
von  der  Charqucada  muss  ich  etwas  Schwarz  auf  Weiss 
vorweisen;    .     .     ." 

,  .  .  So  wolUe  er  gleich  heute  die  ein  paar  hiindert 
Milreis  betragene  Vendaschuld  begleichen. 

.  .  .  "Einen  Moment  Gedult,  Compadre  Joao,  gleich 
ists  prompt. "^^  Und  wirklich,  es  dauerte  nur  einige  Minu- 
ten,  so  hatte  der  Estancieiro  seine  Rechnung  zu  Handen, 
sie  betrug  765$ooo.  Er  zug  4  von  den  funkelnagelncucn 
Zweihunderten  heraus  und  reichte  dieselben  dem  Geschafts- 
manne  hin.  Der  beschaute  sich  die  Dinger  genau,  holte  aus 
seinem  Geldschrank  einen  Schein  derselben  Estampa  -" 
heraus,  befiihlte  das  Papier,  schiittelte  nachdenklich  den 
Kopf  und  sagte  nur  das  eine  Wortchcn  "falsch"! 

Examples  From  Advertisements. 

Advertisements  in  almanacs,  newspapers,  etc.,  appearing  in 
German  and  intended  only  for  the  German  reading-public  offer 
a  rich  source  to  the  student  of  Brazilian  German  words  and 
phrases.  The  following  examples  are  by  no  means  unusual. 
They  set  forth  the  principle  which  obtains  in  practically  all  Ger- 
man publications  in  Brazil. 

I,  )From  Almanacs.  (For  meanings  of  terms  V.  Glossary.) 


Luchsinger  E.  Co.     .     .     .     Import  von  Fazendas  und 
Molhados.    .    .    .^^ 


Selbach  e  Cia.  .  .  .  Internationale  Vcrlags-  u.  Sorti- 
ments-Buclihandlung,  Buchdruckerei,  Buchbinderei  und 
Kartonnagen-Fabrik.    .    ,    /^^ 


"  Fertig. 

^  Geprdge. 

"  Uhles  Familienkalendcr,  1916,  p.  318. 

'^  Ibid.,  p.  300. 


The  German  Element  in  Brazil  37 

Fraeb  e  Co.     ,    .    .    Export  von    .    .    .    Haar,  Wolle, 
Xarque,  Gorduras,  etc.,  eic.^^ 


Otto  Niemeyer.     Seccos  e  Molhados.     .     .     .     Eigenes 
Armazem  und  Trapiche.     .     .     .^^ 


.    .    .    Jose  A.  Picoral    .    .    .    Papier-  und  Palhaziga- 
retten.     .     .     .     Leichte  und  starke  Charutcn.     .     .     .^^ 


Fraeb  e   Co.    .     .     .     Import :    Fazendas,     Miudezas, 
Molhados,  Ferragens,  Salz  u.  s.  w.     .     .     .^^ 


Vva.  Jose  IMiiller  e  Cia.  Geschaftshaus  in  Fazendas, 
Louga,  Miudezas,  Seccos  und  Molhados,  Kolonie-Produk- 
ten.^^ 


.     .     .     Sattlerei  von  Jorge  Pedro  Grub    .     .     .     Zug- 
geschirre  fiir  Aranhas,  Zaume,  Caronas,  Peitschen  u.  s.  w. 


34 


Paulo  Grotzner.  Biscoutosfabrik  "Lucinda."'  .  .  . 
Leistungsfahigste  Fabrik  in  Biscontos.  Bolachas,  Bonbons, 
Konfituren  und  alien  besseren  Backwaaren.  Escriptorio 
und  Verkauf  en  gros :    Alto  Cabral. 


35 


"  Ibid.,  p.  315. 

*"  Ibid.,  p.  297. 
31 


Familienfreund,  19^7,  P-  xxv. 
^'  Ibid.,  p.  xxvii. 

'^  Riograndcnser  Marienkalcnder,  I9i7i  P-  128. 

^*  Rotermund's  Kalcnder  fiir  die  Deutschen  in  Brasilien,  1915,  p.  410- 
"  Uhle's  Familienkalender,  1917,  p.  170. 


38  The  German  Element  in  Brazil 

2.)  1''koai  NEWsrATEKS.    (For  meanings  of  terms  V.  Glos- 
sary.) 


Comp.  Nac.  de  Navegagao  Costeira.  Der  neue  Doppel- 
schraubendampfer  Itajuha  am  Trapiclie  der  Costeira  .  .  . 
Befordert  Passageire,  Frachten,  Encommcndas,  etc.^^ 


Antigo  Hotel  Koch.  .  .  .  Bevorzugtes  Haus  der 
Musterreiter.  Eigenes  Portreiro.  Sorgsame  Verpflegung 
der  Reittiere.    Joao  Spitteler,  Eigentiimer.'^' 


Hotel  do  Sul  von  Felippe  Werb  Filho.  Wird  dem  rei- 
senden  Publikum  .  .  .  empfohlen.  .  .  .  Gute  Stallun- 
gen.^® 


Kolonisten  pflanzt  Aipim,  Mandioca,  Araruta! 


39 


Aranha  in  bestem  Zustande  mit  vorziiglichcm  Pferd  zu 
verkaufen.^*^ 


Lageado.     Carlos  Genehr,  Zahnarzt,  empfiehlt  sich  den 
Bewohnern  dieser  Villa  und  der  umliegenden  Pikaden.  .  .  /^ 


.  ,  .  zwischen  der  Eisenbahnstation  und  der  Villa  ge- 
legcn,  fiir  Kolonisation  vermessen  und  in  Lotes  von  4  bis  25 
Alqueires  einteilen  lassen  ...  der  darauf  befindliche 
IMatebestand  ein  ganz  hervorragender.  .  .  .  Der  Eigen- 
tiimer  Bernardo  Olsen.    .    .    .^" 


'"Deutsche  Zcitung,  Porto  Alegrc,  July  20,  1916. 

"  Vaterland,  Porto  Alegre,  September  18,  1916. 

""  Ibid. 

"  Bhimcnaucr  Zcitung,  August  22.  1916. 

*"  Briiskcr  Zcitung,  August  12,  1916. 

'^Deutsches  Volkshlatt.  Porto  Alegre,  July  5,  1916. 

*^  Kolonic-Zcitung,  Joinville,  August  17,  1916. 


The  German  Element  in  Brazil  39 

2  Pferde  zugelaufen  (i  Baio  und  i  Zaino)  Gegen  er- 
stattung  der  Unkosten  abzuholen  bein  Inspektor  Jakob  Neu- 
haus,    .    .     .^^ 


Poetry. 
A  great  deal  of  excellent  poetry  has  been  written  by  repre- 
sentatives of  the  German  element  in  Brazil.  These  writers  have, 
however,  primarily  used  High  German  as  their  medium  of  ex- 
pression and  consequently  their  works  do  not  come  in  considera- 
tion in  this  study  of  a  dialect.  On  the  other  hand,  we  frequently 
come  across  poems  where  Brazilian  German  forms  are  more  or 
less  in  evidence.  The  following,  in  which  the  Hunsriick  dialect 
forms  the  Germanic  basis  is  presented  by  way  of  example. ^^ 

(Apologies  to  Goethe!) 

Gutes  Gcschdft  oder  eine  Pechincha^^ 
Wer  reit'  lo  dorch  Storm  un  Wettergeriesel  ? 
Das  is  der  Schrauber  auf  seime  Isel. 
Der  Hut  is  gebunne  fest  unner  dem  Kinne, 
Der  Musterranze  bammelt  ihm  hinne. 

"Freund  Michel,  was  machst  fiir  ein  banges  Gesicht  ?" 
"  'Sein  Sie's  wahrhaftig?    Ich  glaabten  es  nich ! 
"  'Der  Schrauber  wirklich  mit  Mala  ^^  un  Ranze  ? 
"  'Das  is  lo  die  reine  Pikadewanze!'  "^' 

"Mein  lieber  Freund  mach'  Platz  mal  hier ! 

"Die  schonsten  Muster  zeige  ich  dir : 

"Algodao,'*^  Riscado  ^^  und  Druckkattun — " 

"  'Laassen  Se  zu!    Was  soil  'ch  mit  dem  Krempel  lo  tun?'  " 


"Die  Serra-Post,  Ijuhy,  Rio  Grande  do  Sul  September  15,  1916. 

"From  Funke's  Atts  Deutsch-Brasilien,  p.  167. 

"  Unverhofftes  Gewinn. 

*'  Rcisetasche. 

"  Waldpfadswanse. 

^  Baiimwolle. 

*"  Gingan. 


40  The  German  Element  in  Brazil 

Dau,  Vadder !  raunt  Mutter,  loss  's  Hannele  scin ! 
Der  Schrauber  seift  dich  e  siinst  jammerlich  ein. 
"  'Halt  dei  Mund  un  scher'  dich  rein  in  dei  Kich,' 
"  'De  Schrauber  kenn'  un  seine  Schlich!'  " 

"Willst,  lieber  Freund.  du  das  Neueste  sehn? 
"Hier  hochfeine  Ponchos  ''^^  und  Kasemir  schon, 
"Korsetts  und  bunte  Striunpf  zum  Prasent — 
"Bei  Bahrzahlung  zelin  Prozent  Abatinient."^^ 

Dau,  Vadder!  raunt  Mutter,  loss  ja  dich  nit  schnappe, 
Du  hast  noch  genug  an  de  Meier  ze  berappe ! 
"Still!"  murmelte  Herr  Michel,  "un  schwiitze  mer  nit! 
"So'n  Mann  als  wie  eich,  der  hat  je  Kredit." 

Der  Michel  kauft  und  Herr  Schrauber  notiert, 
Drei  Monate  drauf  hat  der  Michel  falliert. 
Der  Schrauber  hort  es:     "Sie  fassen  ihn  an! 
Sie  gehen  ihm  an  seine  Venda  ^^  heran!" 

Herrn  Schrauber  grausset's.  er  steigt  auf  die  Mule,^^ 
Ihm  ist's  urn  zehn  Contos  ^*  am  Herzen  so  schwule, 
Er  tat  im  Galoppe  "zer  Venda  reite," 
Er  kam,  sagt  bom  dia!^^—Der  Michel  war  pleite!" 

The  Spoken  Language. 

The  dialect  under  discussion,  as  spoken  in  the  "pikaden"  is 
practically  incomprehensible  to  the  German-speaking  person  trav- 
eling in  Brazil  for  the  first  time.  To  the  uninitiated  it  is  even 
harder  to  understand  than  the  German  dialects  of  North  Amer- 


°°  Reitermdntel. 

"  Preiscrmdssigting. 

"  Kaufladen. 

"  Matilesel. 

"  10,000  milreis. 

"Gut en  Tag! 


The  German  Element  in  Brazil  41 

ica.  The  latter  developed  under  the  influence  of  a  related  lan- 
guage, as  has  been  stated,  while  the  former  came  into  being  be- 
cause of  linguistic  influences  entirely  foreign. 

In  order  to  give  an  idea  of  the  spoken  Brazilian  German  the 
following  "Sprachprobe"  by  Breitenbach  ^^  is  reproduced.  While 
of  somewhat  peculiar  composition,  the  example  below  quoted  is  a 
good  representation  of  spoken  Brazilian  German. 

Ein  Kolonist  fahrt  in  seinem  mit  einer  Tolde'"^"  ver- 
sehenen  Wagen  aus,  der  mit  einem  Tupiano  ^^  und  einem 
Zebruno  ^^  bespannt  ist,  welche  er  von  einem  Tropeiro  ^°  von 
der  Serra  ^^  gekauft  hat.  Er  will  seinen  Compadre  ^^  besu- 
chen,  findet  die  Porteira  ^"^  zur  Pikade  ^'^  verschlossen,  offnet 
sie  und  erfahrt  von  der  ihm  entgegenkommenden  Frau  sei- 
nes Compadre,  der  ?^Iann  sei  in  die  Rosse  ^^  gegangen,  um 
einige  Miljekolben  ^^  fiir  die  i\'Iule  *''  und  einige  Bobres  ^^ 
fiir  die  Schweine  zu  holen,  welche  im  Poteiro  ^^  seien.  Wenn 
er  den  Compadre  aufsuchen  wolle,  so  wiirde  er  ihn  leicht 
finden,  jenseits  der  Sange,'^  die  aber  steile  Barankas  '^'^  habe, 
so  dass  man  beim  Ueberschreiten  derselben  vorsichtig  sein 
miisse.  Da  unser  Freund  seinen  Compadre  in  der  Rosse 
nicht  findet,  so  geht  er  in  den  nahen  Wald,  aus  dem  Hundge- 


°*  V.  Breitenbach:    Aus  Sild-Brasilien,  p.  247. 

"  Verdeck. 

''  S check. 

"  Falhe. 

°"  Tierhdndler. 

"  Hochland. 

"  Gevatter. 

"  Tor. 

"  Waldstrasse. 

*' Lichtung. 

"  Maiskolben. 

*'  Maul  tier. 

**  Kiirbisse. 

"  =  "portreiro"  {Weideplats,  Koppel). 

"  Graben. 

11 


Boschungen. 


42  The  German  Element  in  Brazil 

bell  ihm  entgegen  schallt.  Mit  seinem  Fakong  '-  schlagt  er 
cinige  Taqnaras  '^  und  Zipos  ^"^  nieder,  urn  sich  den  Weg  zu 
bahnen.  Bald  trifft  er  denn  audi  seinen  Compadre,  der  so- 
eben  ein  Tatu  "'•'  ausgegraben  mid  mit  seinem  Fuchs  ''*''  er- 
sclilagen  hat.  Nach  den  iiblichen  BegriJssungen  begeben  sicli 
bcide  ins  Haus  und  beschliessen,  sich  am  Nachmittag  die 
Carreira  ~''  anzusehen.  Gleichzeitig  wiU  der  Compadre  ei- 
nige  Sacke  Farin  ~'^  mitnehmen,  um  sie  dem  Vendisten  ''•'  zu 
verkaufen.  Zu  diesem  Behuf  muss  eine  Mule  eingefangen 
werden  was  aber  nicht  ganz  leicht  ist.  Die  Mule  ist  namlich 
sehr  storrisch  und  muss  gepusst  ^^  und  getockt  ^'^  wercdcn. 
Beim  Hause  angelangt,  wird  dem  Tiere  die  Cangaije  ^-  auf- 
gelegt  und  die  Ladung  befestigt.    Dann  geht's  fort. 

Introduction  to  the  Glossary  of  Brazilian  German  Terms. 

For  reasons  previously  stated,  the  language  or  dialect  of 
the  German  settlers  in  Brazil  underwent  an  almost  immediate 
change,  not  in  its  syntax,  but  in  its  vocabulary.  Had  the  immi- 
grants and  their  descendants  only  adopted  such  words  as  had  no 
equivalent  in  their  mother-tongue,  our  case  would  be  much 
simpler.  They  went,  however,  much  further,  and,  as  a  result 
even  many  of  the  commonest  words  dealing  with  the  household 
or  farm  were  replaced  at  an  early  date  by  Brazilian  Portuguese 
terms,  or  by  new  formations  based  on  them. 

In  the  following  representation  of  Brazilian  German  words 
and  phrases  an  attempt  has  been  made  to  select  only  such  as  have 


"  IValdmesser. 
"  Bambus. 
"  Lianen. 
"  Giirteltier. 
"  Duschsichel. 
"  IVcttrcnnen. 
"  Mehl. 

"  Klcinhiindlcr. 
^  Gc::ogen. 
*'  Gcschlagen. 
"  Packsattel. 


The  German  Element  in  Brazil  a^ 

been  adopted  by  German-speaking  citizens  in  all  parts  of  the 
country  in  question.  In  the  few  cases  where  words  or  phrases 
noted  seem  characteristic  of  any  particular  section  of  Brazil  that 
lact  IS  nidicated.  The  glossary,  moreover,  makes  no  claim  to 
completeness. 

The  sources  ^^  of  the  expressions  listed  are  Brazilian  Ger- 
man newspapers,   books,   almanacs,   pamphlets,   advertisements 
"Festschriften,"  etc.^'  as  well  as  conversation  with  colonists.    In 
the  latter  instance  only  such  terms  as  were  repeatedly  used  to 
the  exclusion  of  tJie  corresponding  German  terms  were  noted.«^ 

In  the  glossary  is  given  first  the  Brazilian  German  term  (in 
certain  cases  with  variations),  followed,  by  way  of  comparison  as 
well  as  definition,  by  the  corresponding  High  German  form.  If 
the  Brazilian  Portuguese  ««  equivalent  differs  in  form  or  gender 
it  is  given  in  parentheses.  If  no  such  parenthetical  form  appears 
It  signifies  that  both  languages  are  in  the  particular  instance 
identical.^'  The  German  element  in  mixed  compounds  being 
self-evident,  such  words  are  treated  as  the  simple  Brazilian  Ger- 
man forms. 

Gender  is  indicated  except  in  the  case  of  masculine  nouns 
ending  in  '-o'  and  feminines  ending  in  '-a.' 

Terms  dealing  with  weights,  measures  and  coinage  have  not 
been   noted   except   in   cases   where  the  Brazilian  German  form 

»^  Of  the  words  appearing  in  the  GLOSSARY  the  writer  acknowledges  as 
his  source  for  the  following  the  Verdeutschungsheft  by  G.  A    Biichler    Blu- 
menau    1915.    Backcljau,  balse,  kaschimbo.  lelong,  multe,  mtdtiercnorsament 
pxkarettc.  rekencren,  rossicrcn,  sellieren,  strupiat' wolte,  ^ise.  ^'^•^^'"^"^ 

■"It  is  to  be  remembered,  however,  that  High  German  is  the  norm  in 
ordinary  news  articles  in  almanacs,  newspapers,  etc.,  as  well  as  for  lite^aS 
tivefy'r^ardy^^"^'  nistances  Brazilian  German  forms  appear  rela- 

"All  words  or  phrases  thus  noted  have  since  been  observed  in  print  in 
Brazilian  German  publications,  with  the  exception  of  agriao  and  bond 

.u     '*T'^^  simple  word  "Portuguese"  is  particularly  avoided  here  (as  well  as 
throughout  this  work  generally)  because  the  language  as  spoken  by   he  Jenera 
public  m  Brazil  frequently  differs  from  the  language  of  Portugal     While  the 
same  m  form,  the  words  often  have  a  different  meaning.     Also  many  Ind  an 
B^^zlLrSi^a/Sr.'^  ^"^^^"^^  -''  ^"^^  languages%re  embodie^d  inVh^ 

"  This  applies  to  the  written,  but  not  always  to  the  spoken  language. 


^4  The  German  Element  in  Bracil 

shows  a  luodification  of  the  original  and  in  inslances  where  the 
terms  refer  to  units  no  longer  currcnt.^^ 
Special  abbreviations: 

R.  =:  Rio  de  Janeiro. 

R.  G.  =  Rio  Grande  do  Sul. 


"'I.  c,  like  the  use  of  the  word  "sou"  in  France,  "Groschen"  in  Germany, 
or  "penny"  in  the  United  States. 


GLOSSARY. 

A. 

Brazilian  German.  High  German.       ' 

abacaxi  m Ananas. 

abatiment  w.  (abatimento)  ..  .Preisermassigung. 

abobora  or  abobra Kiirbis. 

abobora-mus  n Kiirbis-mus. 

agriao    Brunnenkresse.  R. 

aipim  m.  (aipim,  aipii  m.)   .  .  .Maniok  (siisser). 

aldeamento  m Indianersiedlung.    R.  G. 

aldeia  (aldeia  or  aldea) Dorf,  Weiler. 

alfandega    Zollamt,  Steueramt, 

algodao •  •  •  •  Baumwolle. 

amolieren  (amolar)   schleifen,  scharfen. 

aranha Gig  {vehicle). 

araruta    Pf eilwurz. 

armazem  m Kaufladen. 

arroba,  arrobe  /.  (arroba)  ..  .  .14.689  Kg.    {Weight.) 

arroio Bach. 

ate  a  volta bis  zur  Riickkehr ! 

ateloge  n Aufwiedersehen. 

{From  ate  logo.  Not  used  as 

noun  in  Portuguese.) 
ate  logo auf  Wiedersehen ! 

B. 

baio Pferd  (castanienbraunes). 

bakeljau  m.  (bacalhao) Stockfisch,  Kabeljau. 

balse  / ..Fahre,  Floss. 

banhado Sumpf. 

baradi  m.  V.  cachaga  

baranca  Boschung,  Uferboschung. 

baranke  /.  V.  baranca 

barracao    ..Baracke,  Einwandererhaus. 

barranke  /.  V.  baranca 

(45) 


46  The  GcDHcni  Element  in  Brazil 

Brazilian  German.  High  German. 

barre  /.  (barra)   Hafcneinfahrt. 

barricaria    Bottcherei. 

batata,  batate /.  (batata)   .  .  .  . Kartoffcl   (brasilianische). 

{The  term  "batate"  is  at  times 
applied  to  the  "Irish"  potato, 
altho  the  latter  is  generally  called 
"Kartoffel"  or  "europaische  Kar- 
toffel.") 

batate  doce  /.  (batata  doce)   .  .  Siisskartoffel. 

becco Gasscheii,  kleine  Gasse. 

benzedor  in Wunderdoktor. 

benzedura   Besprechung  der  Krankheiten, 

Beschworung. 

bicho Insekt,  Tier. 

biscouto    Zwieback. 

boa  noite gute  Nacht !    guten  Abend ! 

boas  tardes guten  Tag !  guten  Abend ! 

bobre  /.   V.  abobora   

bolacha    Schiffszwieback. 

bom gut ! 

bombilha Materorchen  {i.  e.,  Rorchen  zum 

Mate-trinken). 

bombacha  (bombachas /./j/i^. )  .Pluderhose,    R.  G. 

bom  dia guten  Tag ! 

bond  m.  (bonde  m.)   Tram,  Strassenbahnwagen. 

botina    Halbstief el. 

brasse  /.  (braga)   2.20  M.  {Measure  of  length.) 

buger  m.  (bugre  m.) Indianer  (Botokude). 

0. 

cabo Unteroffizier. 

caboclo    Indianermischling.      {Portuguese 

and  Indian.) 

cabreste  /.  V.  kabreste 

cachaga  m.,  cachass  m. 

(cachaga)    Zuckerrohrschnapps. 


The  German  Element  in  Brazil  47 

Brazilian  German.  High  German. 

cacique  m Indianerhauptling. 

cadea,  cade  /.  (cadea,  cadeia)  .Gefangniss. 

camarao,  camarong  m. 

(camarao)    Krabbe. 

camarote /.  (camarote  m.)- •  • -Theaterloge. 

campamento   ( acampameiito ) . .  Feldlager. 

campanha    Ebne. 

campo,  camp  m.  (campo)   .  .  .  .Grassland,  Fltir. 

caneca  Wasserbecher. 

caiigalje /.   (cangalho)    Kreuzbocksattel,  Packsattel. 

canna  m.  V.  cachaga 

canne  /.  (canna,  cana)   Zuckerrohr. 

canoa,  n.,  canu  n.  (canoa  /. ) .  .Einbaum. 

capa Mantel. 

capao,  capoes  m.  plu Wald  (kleiner,  ausgerotteter). 

capataz  m Vorabeiter, 

capinen  V.  kapinen 

capitao    Hauptmann. 

capivara    Wasserschein. 

capoeire  /.  (capoeira)   Gebiisch.     {Land  which  had  been 

cleared,  but  zvhich  is  again  cov- 
ered zvith  underbrush.) 

caramba    potztausend !    Donnerwetter ! 

carapato   (carrapato)    Zecke,  Holzbock. 

carcereiro    Kerkermeister. 

careje  / Materosterei. 

cargueiro Lasttrager,  Lasttier,    Lasttierfiih- 

rer. 

carona   Sattelkissen. 

carreira Pf erderennen,  Wettrennen. 

carrete  /.  (carreta)   Karren. 

carreteiro    Fuhrmann,  Karrner. 

carroga    Karosse,  Kutsche. 

carroceiro   Fuhrmann. 

carteira   Brief tasche. 

catuno   Dieb. 

caspite   potztausend !  Donnerwetter ! 


48  The  Gennon  Element  in  Brazil 

Brazilian  German.  High  Gcj^man. 

cautela  (cautela,  cautella)  ....  Einschrcibczettcl. 

cavalheiro Herr,  Edelmann.    {Gentleman. ) 

caxeiro    Ladendiener. 

caxoeira  (cachoeira)   Wasscrfall,  Stromschnelle. 

chacara  (chacara,  chacra)    .  .  . Grundstiick,  Landhaus. 

chapco  republicano Hnt  (der  Gauchos).     R.  G. 

charque  n.  V.  xarque  

charqueada  /.  V.  xarqueada  . .  . 
charute  /.,  cherrute  /. 

(charuto,  cherruto) Zigarre. 

chilena Spore.    {As  zvorn   by   gauchos.) 

R.  G. 

chimarrao  (chimarra)  Ervatce.     {Without  sugar.)  R.  G. 

churasco  (churrasco)    Spiessbraten.    R.  G. 

cigarro  . .  -. Zigarette.      ( Usually  wrapped  in 

"palha.") 

cinema   m Lichtbilderhalle. 

cipo  m Liane,  Schlingpflanze. 

cobranga   Einkassierung. 

cobrieren  V.  kobrieren 

cochilha Hiigelkette,  Hiigelland. 

cochinilhos  m.  plu Kochcnillewaren. 

compadrc  m Gevatter,  Freund. 

companheiro   Gcfahrte,  Kamerad. 

coronel    Oberst. 

corral  m Viehhof. 

couveflor  n.  (couveflor  /.) Blumenkohl.     (R.) 

coxemaLade  /.  (coxo  =  lame 

and  melado  =  sap  of  sugar 

cane)    Lecksyrup. 

coxinilhos  V.  cochinilhos 

cuia,  cuja,  cuya  (cuia,  cuya) .  .Matebecher.  {Made  of  a  hollozved 

gourd. ) 

D. 

delegado   Tnspektor,  Abgeordneter. 

despaschicren  (despachar)    .  .  abfertitgen,  aus  dem  Zollamt  ho- 

len. 


The  German  Element  in  Brazil  49 

Brazilian  German.  High  German. 

devolut   (devoluto)    vakant,  brachliegend.    (Devolutcs 

Land  =  Regierungsland.) 

diligencia Postwagen,  Diligence. 

dispaschieren  V.  despachieren . 

doca  (doca)   Hafendamm,  Landeplatz. 

doce  n.,  doss  n.  (doce  m.) Siissigkeit,  Konfekt. 

dona    ;Fi-au,  Fraulein. 

E. 

egua  (egua,  egoa)   Stute. 

encommenda,  encommende  /. 

(encommenda)   Seudung    (per    Post,    Balm   oder 

Schiff). 

enfin  (enfin,  emfini) niit  einem  Worte,  endlich. 

engenho  m Zuckermiihle. 

erva   Paraguay  thee    (ilex   paraguayen- 

sis). 

erva  mate  ui Jbid. 

escriptorio Bureau. 

eskadron  m.  (esquadao)   Schwadron. 

esta  bom  . es  ist  gut ! 

estampa  Geprage,  Abdruck. 

estancia Landgut,  Viehziichterei. 

estancieiro Viehzuchter. 

e  tanto und  so  und  so  viel. 

F. 

fac  m.  (facao)   Waldmesser. 

fakong  m.  F.  fac 

farello,  farelle  /.  (farelo)   .  .  .  .Kleie. 

farinha,  farin  n.  (farinha)   .  .  .Mehl,  Mandiocamehl. 

farrapo,  farrape /«.  (farrapo).Revolutionar.    {Of  1835-)    R-  ^^• 

fazenda Landgut. 

f azendas    Schnittwaren,  Stoffe,  Waren. 

Landgiiter. 
f azendenloge  /.  ( f azendas  and 
loja)    •  •  .iWarenladen. 


50  The  Gcnnan  Element  in  Bracil 

Brazilian  German.  High  German. 

f^U^o    Schminkbohne,  schwarze  Bohne. 

feitor  m Vervvalter,  Auf seher. 

f erragens  /.  pin Eisenwaren. 

fig^eira   Feigenbaum. 

foice/.  (foiga,  foice,  fouce, 

^ouxe)  Buschsichel. 

^^^^^ Streitkraft,  Revolntionarbande. 

fosforo  n.  (fosforo)   Streichholz. 

freguez  m Ktinde. 

f  reguezia Kirchspiel. 

fuchs  m.  V.  foice 

fumo,  fum  m.  (fumo) Tabac. 

g^^ta    Dudelsack,  Zieharmonica. 

gallinha   Huhn. 

galpao   Schuppen,  Hutte. 

garaffe  /.   (garaffa) Flasche. 

garga   Reiher. 

garomie /.  (garonna)   Reitdecke,    Satteldecke  (aus    Le- 

der). 
garrafao,  garafao  (garrafao)  .grosse  Flasche. 

garupa Kriippe. 

gateado schwarzgefleckt  (von  Tieren). 

gazose  /.  (gazosa) Branselimonade. 

gordura  Fettware  {i.  c,  Schmalz,  etc.). 

governador  m Statthalter. 

gramme  /.  (grama) Weidegras,  Hundgras,  Quecken. 

guisada  (giiisado) Ragout,  Wiirzspeise. 

I. 

intendent  m.  (intendente  ?/i.).  .Ver waiter,  Landrat,  Intendant. 
invernada    Winterquartier.    (For  cattle.) 

J. 

jacare  m Krokodil,  Kaiman. 

jaguatirica Tigerkatze. 

jatte  /.  (hiate  m.) Segelschiff,  Jacht.  Zweimaster. 


The  German  Element  in  Brazil  5 1 

K. 

Brazilian  German.  High  German. 

kabokler  V.  caboclo 

kabreste  /.  (cabresto)   Halfter. 

kadee  /.  V.  cadea 

kamp  V.  campo 

kangalje  /.  V.  cangalje 

kanoe  n.,  kanoh  n.  V.  canoa  .  .  . 

kapinen  (capinar)    gaten,  jaten. 

karrete  V.  carrete  

kartonnage  /.  (cartonnagens  /. 

plu.)    Pappware,  Pappschachtel. 

kaschass  ni.  V.  cachaga 

kaschero,  kaschor  m.  V. 

caxeiro    

kaschimbe  /.  (cachimbo) Tabakspfeife. 

kobrieren   (cobrar)    einkassieren,  einnehmen. 

korbgarrafao  (garaffao) Korbflasche. 

L. 

lago    Schlinge. 

ladeira Abhang  (eines  Berges),  steiler 

\Veg. 

lagarto    Eidechse  (grosse). 

lancha,  lanche  /.  (lancha)  ..  .  .Lastkahn,  Boot, 
larancha.  laranche  /.  laranje  /. 

(laranja)    Orange. 

lassen  (lagar) Schlinge  werfen,  mit  der  Schlinge 

fangen. 

late  /.,  latte  /.  (lata)   Blechbiichse,  Dose,  Kasten. 

lelong  /.  (leilao)    X'^ersteigerimg,  Auktion. 

loge  /.  (loja)   Kaufmannsladen. 

lote  / Grundstiick,  Landparzelle,  Lose. 

louQa   Taf elgeschirr. 

M. 

macaco    Affe. 

macho   Maulesel. 


52  TJic  German  Element  in  Brazil 

Brazilian  German.  High  German. 

mais  oil  mcnos 'iiehr  oder  weniger,  ungefar. 

makak  ;;/.  [  \  macaco 

mala    Reisetasche,  Mantelsack. 

mamong  m.  (mamao) Rizinus,  Wunderbaumfrucht. 

mandioca    Maniok. 

mandul)i  /.,  ;//.  (mandubi  m., 

anicndoim  m.)   Erdnuss. 

manga Hofplatz  (fiir  Tiere). 

mangeira  (manjeira)    Futterstatte,  Viehhof. 

marchador in  langsamem  Trapp. 

mascato  (mascate  m.) Hausierer,  Trodler. 

mata-bicho  (Slang)  Schnapps. 

matimgo   Klepper. 

mellado Syrup. 

mercado Markt. 

mesclahosen  /.  pin.  (mescla  = 

Mischung)    gestreifte  Hosen. 

mestizo  (mcstigo)   .Mestize,  Mischling. 

mico Pf  eif  affe. 

milho    Mais. 

miljekolben  w.  (miljo) Maiskolben. 

miudezas  /.  plu Kleinigkeiten,  kleine  Gegenstande. 

mula,  mule  /.  (mula) Maulesel,  Maultier. 

multe  /.  (multa)   Geldstrafe. 

multicren  (multar)    zu  einer  Geldstrafe  verurteilen. 

munizip  n.  (municipio) Kreis,  Teil  eines  Staates. 

N. 

no  e?  (nao  e?)    nicht  wahr? 

no  senhor!  (nao  senhor!) nein,  mein  Herr! 

0. 

o  de  fora   heida,  du  draussen ! 

orsament  m.   (orgamento)    . .  .Anschlag,    Bauanschlag,    Kosten- 

anschlag. 


The  German  Element  in  Brazil  53 

P. 

Brazilian  German.  High  German. 

paciencia    Geduld ! 

paiol  m Proviantkammer,   Vorratskam- 

mer. 

palha,  palje  /.   (palha)    Maisstroh. 

palhazigarrette  / Zigarette     (mit     Maisstroh     ge- 

wickelt). 

palla    leichter  Reitermantel. 

palpite  m Ahnung,  Herzklopfeii. 

pancare  m hellbraunes  Pferd. 

past  ni.  (pasto)   Weide. 

pataca,  patak  /.,  patake  /. 

(pataca)    320  Reis.     {Old  coin.) 

patacao    Zweimilreistiick.      {Old     Spanish 

silver  dollar.) 

patrao    Prinzipal,  Vorgesetzter. 

patte  /.   (pata)  Ente. 

peao    Fiissganger,  Reitknecht. 

pcchincha    gutes  Geschaft,  unverhoffter  Ge- 

winn. 

periqtiito   Sittig,  kleiner  Papagei. 

persienne  /.   (persianna)   Sommerladen,  Jalousie. 

peril  m Truthahn. 

picago    lunkelgefarbtes    aber    weissfiissi- 

ges  Pferd. 
picada,  picade  /.,  pikade  /. 

(picada)    Waldpfad,  Urwaldweg,  Kolonie- 

strasse. 
picapau  m Vorderlader,  mit  Vorderlader  be- 

waffneter  Soldat. 

pikarette  /.  (picareta) Picke,  Spitzhacke. 

pimente  /.   (pimenta)    Pfeffer,  Nelkenpfeffer. 

pinga   Tropfen  (Schnapps). 

pipa,  pipe  /.  (pipa)   Tonne,  Pass. 

pohzeidelegado   PoHzei-inspektor. 

poncho    Reitermantel. 


54  The  German  Element  in  Brazil 

Bra::;ilian  German.  High  German. 

portao,  i>ortong  m.  (portao) .  ,  Haiiseingang,  Torweg. 

porteira   Eingangator  (zur  "Pikade"). 

portrcere  /.   (portreiro)    Koppel,     Weideplatz,     Vichrauni 

(eiiigefriedigter). 

posen  (repoiisar) '-asten,  riihcn  lassen. 

potro Fiillen,  jiinges  Pferd. 

praqa   Platz,  Marktplatz. 

prima Base,  Kousine. 

primo Vetter. 

prompt  (prompto,  pronto)   .  .  .fertig,  bereit. 

puschen  (piixar)    siehen. 

puschochse  m Zugochse. 

pussen  V.  puschen 

Q. 

quero-quero    Kiebitz. 

questao  /.  (questao)   Frage. 

R. 

rancho   Kolonistenhaus,  Lehmhiitte, 

Hiitte. 

rapadura   Zuckerkuchen,  brauner  Ziicker. 

rebankieren  (arrebanhar)   ....in    Herden    versammeln,    zusam- 

menscharen. 

rekerieren   (requerer)    auffordern,  bitten,  ersiichen. 

riberong  m.  (riberao)   Bach. 

rio  /.  {sometimes  ui.),  (rio) .  .Fluss. 

riscado Gingan,    gestreiftes  Baumwollen- 

zeug. 

roga,  roce  /.  (roga)   Pflanztmg,  Lichtung. 

rocemachen   Land  urbarmachen. 

rocewirtschaft  / Landwirtschaft. 

rodeiro    Umweg,  Ausflucht. 

rosse  /.  V.  roga 

rossieren  (rogar) ausjaten,  urbarmachen. 


The  German  Element  in  Brazil  55 

s. 

Brazilian  German.  High  German. 

sabia  m Amsel  (brasilianische). 

salto  m Wasserfall. 

sange  /.  (sanga)   Graben  (wasserhaltiger). 

scharute  /.  V.  charute 

scheegen   ( chegar )   geniigen. 

schikott  m.  (chicote  m.)    Peitsche. 

seccos  und  molhados Kolonialwaren  (^.  e.  trockene  und 

nasse  Waren). 

selHeren  (sellar)    stempeln,  besiegeln. 

sello Freimarke. 

serra    Gebirge,  Hochland. 

sertanejo Einwohner  der  Wildnis. 

sertao    Wildnis,  Einode,  Kiistenwalder. 

si,  senhor!  (sim,  senhor)    .  .  .  .ja,  mein  Herr! 

sitio   Grimdstiick,  kleines  Landgut, 

sobrado Stockwerk,  Geschoss. 

stanz  /.  V.  estancia 

strupiat  (estropiado) lahm,  verkriippelt. 

suspensories  m.  plu Hosentrager. 

T. 

tamandua  m Ameisenbar,  Ameisenfresser. 

taqiiara   Bambus. 

tarraffe  /.  (tarrafa) Wurfnetz. 

tatu  n.  (tatu  m.)   Giirteltier. 

'te  logo !  V.  ate  logo 

tenente  m Leutnant 

terral  m Landwind. 

thesouraria   Schatzkammer,  Zahlamt. 

tocken  (tocar)   schlagen,  antreiben. 

tokaio  (tocaio) Namensvetter. 

tolde  /.  (tolda) Verdeck  (aiif  einem  Wagen). 

tostao    100  Reis. 

trace  /.   (traga)    Spur,  Entwoirf. 


56  The  German  Element  in  Brazil 

Bracilian  German.  High  German. 

trapiche  m.,  trapisch  m. 

(trapiche  m.)   Lagerhaiis  (am  Ha  fen),  Kai. 

troc  ;;/.   (troca)    W'echsel,  Tausch,  Kleingeld. 

trocken   (trocar)    wechseln,  tauschen. 

tropa    Trtipp,  Maultiertrupp, 

tropeiro   \^iehhandler. 

tiipiano    Scheck.     {Dappled  horse.) 

u. 

urubu  m ..Geier. 

V. 

vamos   vorwarts ! 

vaqueano Fi'ihrer, 

vendaschuld  /.  (venda) Zechschuld. 

venda,  vende /.  (venda) Kaufladen,  Kram   imd   Schankla- 

den,  Schenke. 
vendeiro,  vedist  m. 

(vendeiro)    Gastwirt,  Kleinhandler. 

ventin  m.  (vintem  m.)    20  Reis.     {Coin.) 

villa   Stiidtchen. 

vintem  m.,  vinten  m.  V.  ventin . 

violao Bratache,  Bassgeige. 

viva Vivat,  Lebehoch, 

w. 

wenlin  m.  V.  ventin 

woke  /.  (volta)   Spaziergang,  Windung  (eines 

VVeges  oder  Flusses). 

X. 

xarque  n.  (xarque  m.) Dorrfleisch. 

xarqueada Schlachterei. 


Tlic  German  Element  in  Brazil  57 

Z. 

Brazilian  German.  High  German. 

zaino ungeflecktes    Pferd    {e.    g.    gan/. 

schwarz). 

zebrimo   Falbe. 

zigarro  V.  cigarro 

zipo  V.  cipo 

zise  /.  (sisa,  siza) Accise,  Verbrauchssteucr 


APPENDIX. 


The  Brazilian  German  Press. 

Among  the  many  things  the  German  agricultural  colonist  in 
Brazil  had  to  dispense  with  so  far  as  a  supply  from  abroad  was 
concerned,  was  reading  matter.  Even  to  this  day  books  are  a 
relative  rarity  in  the  home  along  the  "picada."  Only  in  the  more 
important  centers  is  there  a  general  access  to  publications  of  this 
type. 

Almanacs. 

As  has  been  the  case  for  centuries  in  German-speaking  com- 
munities both  in  Europe  and  North  America,  where  there  has 
been  a  general  lack  of  books,  the  want  of  reading-matter  has 
largely  been  filled  by  that  most  important  medium,  the  almanac. 
The  same  condition  applies  to  Brazil.  We  might  call  the  alma- 
nac the  colonist's  encyclopedia.  It  is  his  agricultural  guide,  med- 
ical adviser,  compendium  of  short  stories  and  poetry,  moral 
guide,  diary,  and  a  thousand  and  one  other  things  in  addition  to 
being  the  source  of  the  information  which  an  almanac  is  ordi- 
narily supposed  to  furnish,  i.  e.,  list  the  change  of  seasons,  days 
and  months  of  the  year,  feast-days,  eclipses,  etc.  To  persons 
acquainted  only  with  the  folk-almanacs  in  Europe  and  North 
America,  the  entire  lack  of  weather-forecasts  in  the  Brazilian 
German  editions  is  striking. 

Among  the  best  known  and  most  important  German  folk- 
almanacs  in  Brazil  are: 

Rothermund's  Kalender  fur  die  Deutschen  in  Brasilien,  pub- 
lished in  Sao  Leopoldo  and  Cruz  Alta,  R.  G.  do  Sul ; 

Uhle's  illus trier ter  deutsch-hrasiliunischer  Familien-Kalen- 
der,  published  in  Rio  and  Curityba ; 

Der  Familienfreund,  published  in  Porte  Alegre ; 

Riograndenser  Marienkalender,  published  in  Porto  Alegre; 
and 

Musterreiters  Neu-Historischer  Kalender,  published  in 
Porto  Alegre. 

(58) 


The  German  Element  in  Brazil  59 

Rothermund's  and  Uhle's  almanacs  are  perhaps  the  most  im- 
portant as  well  as  the  most  voluminous.  To  them  one  might  well 
apply  the  statement  found  in  the  preface  to  one  of  the  well-known 
reading-texts  published  for  use  in  the  "Pikadenschulen" :  "Da- 
rin ist  alles  enthalten,  was  fiir  gebildeten  Kolonisten  zu  wissen 
interessant  und  lehrreich  ist."^^ 

The  almanacs  mentioned  above  have  for  years  been  appear- 
ing regularly.  In  addition  there  have  been  many  others,  appear- 
ing, as  a  rule,  only  for  a  year  or  sporadically.  Their  influence 
has  been  of  minor  importance. 

In  addition  to  being  an  indispensible  source  of  information 
to  the  colonists,  the  Brazilian  German  almanacs  are  also  most 
valuable  to  persons  living  outside  of  Brazil  who  want  to  form  an 
idea  of  the  life  of  those  colonists. 

Newspapers. 

The  history  of  the  German  newspapers  in  Brazil  has  its  be- 
ginning in  the  early  fifties  of  the  past  century.  In  October,  1852, 
Der  Kolonist  appeared  for  the  first  time  in  Porto  Alegre.  This 
journalistic  effort  w'as  short-lived.  From  December,  1853,  to 
July  loth,  1861,  Der  Deutsche  Einwanderer,  appeared  in  the  same 
city.  Beginning  with  April  i6th,  1853,  Der  Deutsche  Beobach- 
ter,  edited  by  B.  Goldschmidt  and  G.  F.  Busch  appeared  in  Rio 
de  Janeiro.  This,  like  the  preceding,  soon  turned  from  an 
ordinary  newspaper  into  a  propaganda-sheet  for  the  solicita- 
tion of  colonists  and  accordingly  went  out  of  existence.  In 
1858  the  Brasilia,  a  weekly,  appeared  in  Petropolis.  It  lasted 
about  one  year.  Beginning  with  January  17th,  1864,  the  Ger- 
rnania,  a  weekly  edited  by  Peter  Miiller,  appeared  in  the  same 
city.  This  was  a  most  important  paper  in  its  time  and  enjoyed 
a  wide  circulation.     It  lasted,  however,  only  a  few  years. 

From  i860  to  date  the  number  of  German  newspapers 
with  an  ephemeral  existence  published  in  Brazil  is  legion.  Ex- 
cepting those  above  mentioned,  we  shall  only  concern  ourselves 
with  the  ones  which  had  a  continual  existence  from  the  time 


V.  Grimm-Riicker :   Lehr-  und  Lesehnch,  p.  iii. 


6o  The  German  Elcmcnl  in  Brazil 

of  their  foiuidiii^  and  appeariii"^  to  this  day.  They  are  included 
in  the  following  list.  In  this  list  is  indicated  in  each  case  the  title 
of  the  paper,  the  place  of  publication,  the  number  of  times  it  ap- 
pears weekly  and  the  year  in  which  it  was  founded. 

Deutsche  Zcititng,  Porto  Alegre.    Daily.     1861. 
Kolonie  Zeitung,  Joinville.    Semi-weekly.     1862. 
Deutsehes    Volkshhitt,   Porto   Alegre.      Daily   and   weekly, 

1870. 
Germania,  Sao  Paulo.    Daily.     1877. 
Deutsche  Post,  Sao  Leopoldo.     Daily.     1880. 
Bhimenauer  Zeitung,  Blumenau.     Semi-weekly.     1881. 
Neiic  Deutsche  Zeitung,  Porto  Alegre.     Daily  and  weekly. 

1881. 
Der  Beohachter,  Curityba.  Thrice  weekly.  1889. 
Kolonie,  Santa  Cruz.    Thrice  weekly.     1890. 
Der  Urzvaldsbote,  Blumenau.     Semi-weekly.     1892. 
Nochrichten,  Petropolis.    Semi-weekly,     1892. 
Deutsche  Zeitung  fiir  Sao  Paulo.    Daily.     1897. 
Vaterland,  Porto  Alegre.     Daily.     1901. 
Der  Kompass,C\xv\iyh2..    Thrice  weekly.     1901. 
Volks-Zcitung,  Sao  Bento.    Weekly.     1908. 
Die  Serra  Post,  Ijuhy.     Semi-weekly.     1910. 
Brusquer  Zeitung,  Brusque.    Weekly.     191 1. 
Deutsche  Wacht,  Pelotas.     Semi-weekly.     19 14. 
Deutsehes  Tagehlatt,l\\o  do.  ]7<nQ.\ro.    Daily.     1914. 

From  what  has  been  said  above,  in  reference  both  to  alma- 
nacs and  newspapers,  it  will  be  noted  that  Porto  Alegre  in  Rio 
Grande  do  Sul  has  from  the  beginning  been  the  most  important 
center  for  Brazilian  German  journalistic  efforts. 


BIBLIOGRAPHY. 

The  works  listed  below  are  important  sources  for  the  study 
of  the  history  and  cultural  status  of  the  German  element  in 
Brazil.  Books,  important  pamphlets  and  several  manuscripts  are 
noted.  A  great  many  articles  dealing  with  the  general  subject 
of  the  German  element  in  Brazil  have  in  the  past  appeared  in 
newspapers  and  periodicals  such  as  the  Alldentsche  Bldlter, 
Ausland,  Der  Deutsche  Ansiedeler,  Deutsche  Erde,  Deutsche  Ko- 
lonieseitimg,  Echo,  Globus,  Petennanns  Mitteilungen,  etc.,  and 
particularly  in  the  Brazilian  German  almanacs  and  newspapers 
listed  in  the  appendix.  Due  to  the  fact  that  a  complete  list  of 
these  articles  would  require  a  volume  in  itself,  they  are  not  fur- 
ther indicated. 

Ackerbaukolonien.     Dr.    Hermann    Meyer's    Ackerbaukolonien 

Neu-lViirtembcrg  und  Xingu  in  Rio  Grande  do  Sul.  Leipzig, 

1904.     (Pamphlet.) 
Agassiz,  Prof.  Louis  and  Mrs.:     A  Journey  to  Brasil.     Boston, 

1868. 
Angerami,  Domingos.  V.  Fonseca,  Antonio. 
Auswanderer.     Central  AuskunftstcUc  fiir  Ausu>anderer.    Deut- 
sche   KolonialgeseUschaft.     Rio    Grande    do    Sid.     Berlin, 

1904.     {Pamphlet.) 
Ave-Lallement,  Dr.  Robert:    Reisc  durch  Siidbrasilien  im  Jahre 

1858.     Leipzig,  1859.     {2  vols.) 
Bastos,  Travares:     Questdes  de  Immigragdo.     {Manuscript  in 

National  Library.    Rio.) 
Blumenau,  Dr.  Hermann  :  Siidbrasilien  in  seinen  Bcziehungen  su 

deutschcr   Ausivandcrung   und   Kolonisation.     Rudolstadt, 

1850. 
Breitenbach,  Dr.  W. :     Aus  Siid-Brasilien.     Erinnerungen  und 

Aufzeichnungen.     Brackwede  i/W.,  19 13. 
Breitenbach,  Dr.  W. :    Die  Provinz  Rio  Grande  do  Sid  Brasiliens 

und  die  deutsche  Ausn'andcrung.     Heidelberg,  1885. 
Burton,  Richard  F.,  V.  Tootal,  Albert. 

(61) 


62  Tlic  German  Element  in  Brazil 

Canstatt,  Oscar:     Kritischcs  Rcpertorium  der  Deutsch-Brasilia- 

nischcn  Litcratur.     Berlin,  1902. 
Carvalho,   C.    M.    Delgado  de:    Le   Bresil   Meridional.     Paris, 

1910. 
Cunha,  Dr.  Jose  Bonifacio  da:     Commcmoragao  do  50°  Anni- 

versario  da  Fundagao  de  Blumenmi.    Bliimenau,  1900. 
Dechent,   N.:     Festschrift  cnr  Jtibelfeier  des  Schidvereins  su 

Joinville  am  14.  August  ipi6.    Joinville,  1916. 
Dettmann,  Eduard:     Brasiliens  Aufschwung  in  deutscher  Be- 

leuchtung.    Berlin,  1908. 
Dilthey,  R. :    Die  deutscJien  Ansiedelungen  in  Siidbrasilien,  Urii- 

giiay  und  Argentinien.     Berlin,  1882. 
Dorffel,  Dr.  O. :     Die  Colonie  Dona  Francisca  in  der  Siidbrasili- 

anisc/ien  Provinz  Santa  Catharijui.    Joinville,  1882. 
Elliott,  L.  E. :    Brazil  Today  and  Tomorrow.    New  York,  191 7. 
L'Btat  de  Sao  Paulo.     Renseignements  utiles.     Antwerp,  191 4. 

{Sao  Paulo  State  publication,    ^d  ed.) 
Festschrift  zur  Erinnerung  an  den  Ost mark enab end.    Sao  Paulo, 

1916.     (Apr.  13th.) 
Festschrift  zuni  jojdhrigem  Jubilaum  der  Pfarrei  Sao  Jose  do 

Hortencio.    Porto  Alegre,  1899. 
Fonseca,  Antonio, — et  Angeranii,  Domingos :    Guide  de  I'Etat  de 

St.  Paul.    Sao  Paulo,  1912. 
Funke,  Alfred:    Aus  Deutsch-Brasilicn.    Bilder  aus  dem  Leben 

der  Deutschen  im  Stable  Rio  Grande  do  Sid.    Leipzig,  1902. 
Funke,  Alfred:    Deutsche  Siedelung  itber  See.    Ein  Abriss  ihrer 

Geschichte  und  ihr  Gedeihen  in  Rio  Grande  do  Sul.     Halle 

a/Saale,  1902. 
Gernhard,    Robert:     Dona    Francisca,    Hansa    und    Blumenau. 

Breslau,  1901. 
Gerstacker,  Friedrich  :    Achtzehn  Monate  in  Siidamerika.    Jena, 

1862,  and  Leipzig,  1863. 
Giesebrecht,  Franz:     Die  deutsche  Kolonie  Hansa  in  Siidbrasi- 
lien.   Berlin,  1899. 
Grimm,   M.,  und   Riicker,   A.   A. :    Heimatkunde  von  Brasilien. 

Porto  Alegre,  1914. 


The  German  Element  in  Brazil  63 

Grimm,  M.,  unci  Riicker,  A. :     Lehr-  und  Lcscbuch  fitr  Schiile 

und  Haus.     Porto  Alegre,  1914. 
Grossi,   Prof.   Dott.   Vincenzo:    Storia  della  Colonismzione  al 

Brasile  e  delta  Emigramone  Italiana  ncllo  Stato  di  S.  Paulo. 

Milano-Roma-Napoli,  1914. 
Handbuch  des  Deutschfhunis  im  Auslande.    Herausgegeben  voin 

Allgemeinen    Deutschen    Schulverein    zur    Erhaltung    des 

Deutschthiims  im  Auslande.     Berlin.     (Dietrich  Reimer.) 
Historia  da  Immigragao.     Dados  para  a  Historia  da  Immigra- 

gdo  e  da  Colonizagdo  em  Sao  Paido  enviados  pela  Seccdo  de 

Informagoes  do  Departamento  Estadual  do  Trabalho  a  Di- 
rect oria   do   Servigo    de   Povoamento.     Sao    Paulo,    19 16. 

{Govt,  publication.) 
Imperio  do  Brazil.    O  Imperio  do  Brazil  na  Exposigdo  Universal 

de  i8'/6  em  Philadelphia.     Rio  de  Janeiro,   1875.     {State 

publication. ) 
Impressoes  do  Brazil  no  Secolo  Vinte.    London,  191 3.     (Lloyds 

Greater  Britain  Publishing  Company.) 
Jahn,  Adalbert :    Die  Kolonien  von  Sao  Leopoldo  in  der  kaiser- 

lich  brasilianischen  Provinz  Rio  Grande  do  Sul  sozvie  allge- 

meine  Betrachtungen  iiber  freie  Einwanderung  in  Brasilien. 

Leipzig,  1 87 1. 
Jahrbuch.     Erstcs  Jahrbuch  fiir  die  deutschsprcchendc  Kolonie 

im  Staate  Sao  Paido.    Sao  Paulo,  1905. 
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The  German  Element  in  Brazil  65 

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66  The  German  Element  in  Brazil 

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